Table Of ContentSecond edition
The Making of South Africa
Culture and Politics
Aran S. MacKinnon
Georgia College and State University
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
MacKinnon, Aran S.
The making of South Africa : culture and politics/Aran S. MacKinnon.—2nd ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-0-205-79549-9 (alk. paper)
ISBN-10: 0-205-79549-8 (alk. paper)
1. South Africa—History. 2. South Africa—Politics and government. I. Title.
DT1787.M33 2012
968—dc23
2012011512
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
ISBN 10: 0-205-79549-8
ISBN 13: 978-0-205-79549-9
Contents
MySearchLab Connections: Sources Online ix
Maps xiii
Illustrations xv
Abbreviations xvii
Preface xix
Acknowledgments xxiii
I. T he SeTTIng: ClImaTe, geography, and
people In SouTh afrICa 1
The Environment 2
Human Communities: The San and the Khoe 6
The First Farmers 10
Farming Society 12
Conclusion 18
Questions to Consider 19
Further Readings 20
Chapter Web Links 21
MySearchLab Connections: Sources Online 22
II. early ConflICT and InTerdependenCe: The
KhoeSan, The XhoSa, and The eSTablIShmenT
and eXpanSIon of The Cape Colony 24
Earliest Contact: Portuguese Forays and Khoe Responses 25
The Dutch East India Company (VOC) and Company Rule 27
White Settlement and Khoe Resistance 32
Slavery at the Cape 35
Relations in the Zones of Interaction 37
Whites and the Griqua in the Interior 40
The Xhosa and the White Settlers 42
Conclusion 44
Questions to Consider 46
Further Readings 46
Chapter Web Links 47
MySearchLab Connections: Sources Online 49
iii
iv Contents
III. The brITISh and The eXpandIng Cape:
ConTInuITIeS and ConTraSTS 51
The Arrival of the British 53
Abolition 54
Reform and Labor 56
British Settlers 60
The Missionary Enterprise 62
Xhosa Crises: Interaction with the Settlers and Civil War 68
Conclusion 72
Questions to Consider 74
Further Readings 75
Chapter Web Links 76
MySearchLab Connections: Sources Online 77
IV. The maKIng of new STaTeS 79
Nguni-Speaking Chiefdoms 81
The Rise of the Zulu Kingdom 83
Developments in the Interior 90
Mass Movements and New States 94
Moshoeshoe and the Sotho 95
Mzilikazi and the Ndebele 97
Matiwane’s Ngwane and the British 99
British Policy and the Xhosa 101
The Boer/Afrikaner Great Trek 102
Piet Retief and the Zulu Kingdom 107
Conclusion 110
Questions to Consider 111
Further Readings 111
Chapter Web Links 113
MySearchLab Connections: Sources Online 113
V. afrICanS, afrIKanerS, and The brITISh
In The InTerIor, 1830–1870 115
African States and the Trekker Republics 116
The Afrikaner Republics 119
Africans and British Policy Initiatives: Segregation
and Indirect Rule 122
African States, White Settlers, Imperial Authorities
and the Xhosa Crisis 128
Contents v
The Sotho, the Afrikaners and British Intervention on the
Highveld 131
British Policy Reversals and the Sotho-Orange Free State War 133
Conclusion 136
Questions to Consider 137
Further Readings 137
Chapter Web Links 139
MySearchLab Connections: Sources Online 139
VI. The fIrST phaSe of SouTh afrICan
InduSTrIalIzaTIon 141
The Development of Diamond Mining 144
African Men and Women and the Impact of Diamond
Mining 147
Imperial Designs, Local Politics, and Confederation Schemes 151
British Imperialism, Afrikaner Republican Resistance, and
the Pedi Kingdom 154
The Final Phases of Conquest 157
The Sotho and Zulu Resistance 161
Conclusion 167
Questions to Consider 168
Further Readings 169
Chapter Web Links 170
MySearchLab Connections: Sources Online 171
VII. The SeCond phaSe of SouTh afrICan
InduSTrIalIzaTIon: gold mInIng and The
CreaTIon of a unIfIed whITe STaTe 173
The Nature of Gold Mining and African Migrant Labor 174
African Society and Migrant Labor 176
The Politics of Mining: The Afrikaners, the British, and Rhodes 179
The South African War or The Second Anglo-Boer War 185
Peace, Reconstruction, and the Building of the White State 188
African Resistance and African Labor 190
Conclusion 194
Questions to Consider 195
Further Readings 195
Chapter Web Links 197
MySearchLab Connections: Sources Online 198
vi Contents
VIII. from unIon To aparTheId: The ConSolIdaTIon
of a whITe STaTe and The rISe of afrICan
oppoSITIon, 1910–1948 200
White Politics and the State 202
Segregation Legislation and African Communities 207
Opposition Movements and the Roots of African Nationalism 212
Rural African Opposition 221
Conclusion 224
Questions to Consider 225
Further Readings 226
Chapter Web Links 227
MySearchLab Connections: Sources Online 228
IX. aparTheId and SouTh afrICan SoCIeTy 230
The Nationalists and Apartheid 231
Blacks and Apartheid Policies 235
African Society and the Impact of Apartheid 239
The Homelands 246
Opposition Politics: Strategy and Tactics 252
Women’s Resistance and Rural Protests 255
Rising Tensions, State Repression, and Radicalism 256
South Africa in the Global Context 261
Conclusion 262
Questions to Consider 263
Further Readings 264
Chapter Web Links 265
MySearchLab Connections: Sources Online 267
X. The afrICan TranSformaTIon of SouTh
afrICa, 1976–1994 269
The South African Security State and Regional Politics 270
Resistance from Below and the Failure of “Reform” 273
The Rejection of “Reform”: Uprisings and Opposition
Tensions 278
Mounting Pressures and the Road to Negotiations 284
Negotiations and the Road to Democratic Elections 286
Conclusion 295
Questions to Consider 297
Contents vii
Further Readings 298
Chapter Web Links 299
MySearchLab Connections: Sources Online 300
XI. The new SouTh afrICa, 1994–2004 302
The New Government and the Ascendancy of the ANC 304
The Economy 309
Looking Back, Healing, and Moving Forward: The TRC and
the Land Question 312
Health and Social Challenges: HIV/AIDS and Crime 317
Conclusion 322
Questions to Consider 325
Further Readings 325
Chapter Web Links 327
MySearchLab Connections: Sources Online 327
XII. poSTSCrIpT: growIng paInS In The raInbow
naTIon 329
Recovering the Past 330
Politics and the Presidency, 2004–2010 333
Post-Transition Economic and Social Challenges 336
The Persistent Problem of Crime 337
The State and the People: The Challenge of Redistribution 339
AIDS and Public Health Challenges 341
South Africa and Its Neighbors: Xenophobia 344
World Cup Soccer Comes to South Africa 346
Conclusion 348
Questions to Consider 350
Further Reading 350
Chapter Web Links 350
MySearchLab Connections: Sources Online 351
Glossary 352
References 354
Online Resources 360
Index 362
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MySearchLab Connections:
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Chapter 1
Video
Video Lectures: The Rise of Agriculture in Africa
Maps
African Climate Zones and Bantu Migration Routes
Africa: Variations in Climate
Map Discovery: South Africa
Images
View of Cape Town
Image: Kimberley Mine, South Africa
Chapter 2
Documents
Alexander Falconbridge, The African Slave Trade (1788)
Imperialism in Africa (1880s)
Map
Colonization of Africa
Image
The “New Europes”: Cape Town
Chapter 3
Documents
Job Hortop and the British Enter the Slave Trade (1567)
Report on Impending Ending of Slave Trade (1792)
Absalom Jones, Sermon on the Abolition of the International Slave
Trade (1808)
Images
Christian missionaries in Africa, late nineteenth century
Slaves Freed by the British Navy
ix
