Table Of Contenti
LUXURY
STRATEGY
THE
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ii
iii
London and Philadelphia
J.N. KAPFERER AND V. BASTIEN
LUXURY
STRATEGY
BREAK THE RULES OF MARKETING
TO BUILD LUXURY BRANDS
THE
iv
Publisher’s note
Every possible effort has been made to ensure that the information contained in this
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accept responsibility for any errors or omissions, however caused. No responsibility for
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First published in Great Britain and the United States in 2009 by Kogan Page Limited
Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or
review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publica-
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undermentioned addresses:
120 Pentonville Road
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www.koganpage.com
© Jean-Noël Kapferer and Vincent Bastien, 2009
The right of Jean-Noël Kapferer and Vincent Bastien to be identified as the authors of
this work has been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and
Patents Act 1988.
ISBN 978 0 7494 5477 7
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Kapferer, Jean-Noël.
The luxury strategy : break the rules of marketing to build luxury brands / Jean-
Noël Kapferer and Vincent Bastien.
p. cm
ISBN 978-0-7494-5477-7
1.
Luxuries--Marketing. 2.
Luxury goods industry. 3.
Product management.
I. Bastien, Vincent. II. Title.
HD9999.L852K37 2009
658.8--dc22
2008034402
Typeset by Saxon Graphics Ltd, Derby
Printed and bound in Great Britain by MPG Books Ltd, Bodmin, Cornwall
v
Contents
About the authors
xi
Introduction: To be or not to be luxury
1
PART 1: Back to luxury fundamentals
3
1.
In the beginning there was luxury
5
A brief history of luxury
6
The 20th century and the democratization of luxury
10
Luxury, the individual and society
18
Positioning of luxury in our present-day society
24
Money, fashion, art and luxury: boundaries and ambiguities
26
2.
The end of a confusion: premium is not luxury
38
The multiple approaches to the concept of luxury
39
Denying the specificity of luxury?
40
There is no continuous movement from premium to luxury
41
It is not easy to exit luxury through a ‘downwards’ strategy
42
From where has the current confusion arisen?
43
Exiting the confusion: the case of the car
45
Relativity of luxury in cars
46
Is automobile luxury the pursuit of perfection?
47
Top-of-the-range, upper-premium and luxury cars
47
The luxury car: creation, mythical models and social prestige
50
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Contents
What link does luxury have with technology?
53
The constituents of the myth of the luxury car
55
Luxury and expressions of national identity
56
Beyond the product: services and privileges
59
The cult objects: licences and boutiques
60
3.
Anti-laws of marketing
61
1. Forget about ‘positioning’, luxury is not comparative
62
2. Does your product have enough flaws?
63
3. Don’t pander to your customers’ wishes
64
4. Keep non-enthusiasts out
65
5. Don’t respond to rising demand
66
6. Dominate the client
66
7. Make it difficult for clients to buy
67
8. Protect clients from non-clients, the big from the small
67
9. The role of advertising is not to sell
68
10. Communicate to those whom you are not targeting
69
11. The presumed price should always seem higher than the
actual price
70
12. Luxury sets the price, price does not set luxury
70
13. Raise your prices as time goes on in order to increase demand
71
14. Keep raising the average price of the product range
72
15. Do not sell
73
16. Keep stars out of your advertising
73
17. Cultivate closeness to the arts for initiates
74
18. Don’t relocate your factories
75
4.
Facets of luxury today
76
On the importance of the ‘label’
77
Luxury: the product and the brand
79
The ingredients of the luxury product: complexity and work
80
Superlative, never comparative
82
Luxury and cultural mediation
83
Luxury and history
84
Luxury and time
87
Tradition is not passéisme
89
Luxury is made by hand
90
Real or virtual rarity?
91
Luxury and exclusivity
95
Luxury and fashion: an essential difference
98
Luxury and art
98
Luxury and charity
100
PART 2: Luxury brands need specific management
101
5.
Customer attitudes vis-à-vis luxury
103
What is the size of the market?
103
To be rich or to be modern?
104
Heavy users and day trippers (also called excursionists)
106
The four luxury clienteles
107
A strong axis of segmentation: relationship with the product or
with the logo?
108
A second axis of segmentation: authentic does not always
mean historical
109
A third axis of segmentation: individualization or integration?
110
Luxury by country
110
6.
Developing brand equity
116
There is no luxury without brands
116
A luxury brand is a real and living person
118
A luxury brand has roots
118
The luxury brand must radiate
118
No life cycle for the luxury brand
119
A legitimacy created from authority, class and creation, more than
from expertise
120
The financial value of luxury brands
120
The core of the luxury brand: its identity
121
Building coherence: central and peripheral identity traits
126
Two modes of luxury brand building
127
Building and preserving the dream
127
Product roles and luxury brand architecture
130
Managing the dream through communication
133
Defending the brand against counterfeiting
133
Counterfeiting as a way to diagnose the health of the strategy
of the brand
135
Always defend your rights and communicate frequently
136
7.
Luxury brand stretching
137
The origins of stretching
138
Luxury stretching: a practice that has changed the sector
139
Two models for extension: vertical or horizontal?
140
The pyramid
141
The galaxy
142
Typology of brand stretchings
144
Leading a brand stretch
146
An example of stretching: Mont Blanc
147
Contents
vii
Stretching: brand coherence, but also the creative and unexpected 149
Should extensions have a name?
152
The risk factors of brand stretching
153
Controlling the boomerang effect of extension
156
8.
Qualifying a product as luxury
158
No product without service
158
The luxury product and the dream
159
Functionality and dreams do not follow the same economic
models
161
The luxury product is not a perfect product, but an
affecting product
162
Luxury product and competitive universe
163
Luxury product and time
164
Occasion of use and perception of value
164
Lasting a lifetime… and beyond
164
Prolonging the ecstasy of a privileged moment
165
Adapting to its time
166
Structuring the luxury range: how is the range of a luxury
brand organized?
167
Innovating through a new product range
169
Don’t sacrifice the past to the future
172
A mode of production as a lever of the imaginary
173
The opposition between luxury and relocation
175
Licences signal the departure from luxury
176
9.
Pricing luxury
177
What about price elasticity?
178
Increase the price to increase demand and recreate the distance
180
What price premium?
183
Fixing the price in luxury
184
Managing the price over time
185
No sales in luxury
189
Price reductions?
189
The price and its communication
190
The price is not publicly advertised
191
The price must be sold
191
10.
Distribution and the internet dilemma
193
Luxury is in the distribution
193
You sell to someone before you sell something
194
It is the price, not the product, that is sold to the client
195
The sales personnel should never earn direct sales commission
196
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Contents
Distribution shows that the brand dominates the client…
but respects them
196
Distributing is first of all about communicating
198
Distribution should not only show off, but enhance the
product image
199
It is distribution’s job to communicate the brand’s price level
199
A luxury purchase is a lengthy act
200
Distribution is luxury’s weak link
201
The choice of a new sales point is not delegable
202
Distribution must manage rarity
203
Distribution protects you from competition
203
Luxury and mode of distribution
204
Luxury and internet distribution (the internet dilemma)
207
11.
Communicating luxury
210
You don’t talk about money
211
You communicate because you sell
212
You communicate, you don’t advertise
212
No personalities in the advertising
215
The role of ‘brand ambassadors’
216
Tightening the social driver of desire
217
Permanently encourage word of mouth
219
What balance should there be between local and global
communication?
219
The internet and communication in luxury
220
The codes of luxury communication
220
Making the brand’s visual language denser: the nine signatures
of the brand
220
Making the brand denser through tales, stories and rumours
221
Adapting the communication register to the type of luxury
222
The dialectic of the local and the universal
223
12.
Financial and HR management of a luxury company
225
Financial specificities of luxury companies
225
Luxury and profitability
227
Globalizing
229
Luxury, volume and profitability
229
Managing the human capital in luxury
233
PART 3: Strategic perspectives
239
13.
Luxury business models
241
Luxury products with a profitable core trade
242
Contents
ix
What are the pitfalls to avoid in this working model of a luxury
product with a profitable core trade?
247
Luxury products with a too-restricted core range
249
The perfume business model
256
The business models of luxury trades with very high overheads
260
The ‘high-tech’ business model (highly innovative industry)
263
14.
Entering luxury and leaving it
265
Wanting to be luxury is not enough: the conditions of luxury
266
Why envisage a luxury strategy?
267
Start small and become profitable
269
Once profitable, grow quickly
269
Acquiring an existing brand
272
Departing from luxury
273
The end of a luxury brand
273
Taking a brand out of the luxury universe
278
15.
Learning from luxury
282
Luxury concerns all trades
282
Understand the rules in order to adapt them
283
How Apple follows a luxury strategy
284
Luxury according to Mini
286
Mixed strategies
288
Managing a luxury strategy in ‘B to B’? Think ‘B to B to C’
290
Luxury marketing as the future of classic marketing?
293
What marketing issues of today could luxury marketing
help to resolve?
294
The Lacoste example
294
16.
Conclusion: Luxury and sustainable development
297
Luxury and ethics
298
Luxury and sustainable development
298
Bibliography
300
Index
305
x
Contents
xi
About the authors
This unique book on luxury strategy could only be written by two comple-
mentary authors, both experts in the field at the highest level, each with a very
specific angle.
Jean-Noël Kapferer is one of the very few worldwide experts on brand
management. His book Strategic Brand Management is the key reference of top-
level international MBAs. Professor at HEC Paris, the luxury research centre
in Europe, he holds the Pernod-Ricard Chair on Prestige and Luxury
Management. He consults extensively and is a member of the board of a major
luxury brand. Jean-Noël Kapferer holds an MBA from HEC Paris and a PhD
from Northwestern University USA. He directs executive seminars on luxury
all around the world.
Vincent Bastien is one of the most experienced senior managers in luxury
business. He has directed some of the most prestigious luxury brands, mainly
as Managing Director for six years of Louis Vuitton Malletier, or as CEO of
Yves Saint Laurent Parfums and Sanofi Beauté. He is now Affiliate Professor
at HEC Paris, where he teaches Strategy in Luxury. He holds a MS from the
Polytechnique School of Paris, an MBA from HEC and is an alumnus (SEP) of
the Stanford Business School.
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xii
1
Introduction: To be or not
to be luxury
Luxury is in fashion, and the fashion is for luxury. To be ‘in’, just as you must
be young, you must be ‘luxury’. Moreover, eternal youth is the luxury of those
who are able to frequent the most sublime spas, the famous cosmetic surgeons,
and purchase the fruit of the latest scientific research from prestige cosmetics
brands, with the rarest ingredients.
Today, luxury is everywhere. Managers and marketing people regularly
invent new terms to qualify luxury: true luxury, masstige, premium, ultra-
premium, opuluxe, hyperluxe. Instead of clarifying the concept of luxury, this
semantic creativity only adds to the confusion: if everything is luxury, then the
term ‘luxury’ no longer has any meaning. What, therefore, constitutes a
luxury product, a luxury brand or a luxury company?
The current confusion masks a profound reality: luxury does exist, it is not
just a trade, restricted to some cars or fashion accessories, but a different and
global way of understanding a customer and of managing a business. The
concept of luxury is as old as humanity; a discriminating understanding of it
makes it possible to define the rigorous rules for its effective management.
Such is the goal of this book.
Just as the marketing of mass consumption goods was invented in the
United States, and developed by large American groups such as Procter &
Gamble, and then conquered the planet, so luxury strategies were invented in
Europe, and developed worldwide mainly by French and Italian companies.
The highly original methods that were devised in order to transform, in less
than half a century, small family businesses such as Ferrari, Louis Vuitton,
Cartier or Chanel, but also Bulgari, Gucci, Prada and Ferragamo, into great
global brands are in fact applicable to many trades in almost all cultures.
Written by two specialists of complementing professions, each with a long
experience of luxury, this work encapsulates and rationalizes the management
of this new business concept, based on the successful experiments, and the fail-
ures encountered, by these European pioneers. From these, the authors draw
practical conclusions, both on the rules to be applied to the luxury marketing
mix, often diametrically opposed to those of classic marketing, and on the
specificities of implementing a luxury strategy within a company, both at the
financial and the human level.
Far from being simply a descriptive work, it delivers clear principles for
becoming and remaining luxury, as well as when and how to depart from
luxury, if such is the strategy. It also builds a theoretical framework taking into
account the dynamic of luxury through time and history, making it possible to
understand the raison d’être of these principles in the highly internationalized
markets of today.
One of the advantages of this work is that the management principles
described are applicable well beyond the restricted circle of luxury trades such
as we know them today.
2
Introduction
