Table Of ContentT
H
E
ThLeo nPge ace
THEL ONPGE ACE
lnquIinrttihoHee i� s tory
otf hCeo Wladr
JohLne wGiasd dis
OXFORDU NIVERPSRIETSYS
NewY orkO xford
OxfoUrndi vePrressist y
OxfordN ewY orkT oronto
DelhBio mbayC alcutMtaad rasK arachi
PetalJianyga S ingapoHroen gK ongT okyo
NairobDia re sS alaamCa peT own
MelbourAnuec kland
anda ssocicaotmepda niine s
BerliInb adan
Copyrightb yJ ©o h1n9 8L7e wis Gaddis
Firpsutb liisn1h 9e8bd7yO xfoUrndi vePrrseiIstnsyc, . ,
20M0a dison AvYeonrNukee,wY, o r1Nk0e 0w1 6
Firisstsa usae nOd x foUrndi vePrrseistsy paperback, 1989
Oxfoirasrd e gisttreardeeodmfO a xrfko rd University Press
Alrli grhetsse Nrovp eador.ftt h piusb limcaabyte ri eopnr oduced,
stoirenadr etrsiyesvtoaertlm r ,a nsmiinat nftyoe rdom,rb ya nmye ans,
electmreocnhiacpn,hi octaolc,ro epcyoirnodgro,i t nhge,r wise,
withtohpuert ip oerr miosfOs xifooUnrn di versiItnyc .P ress,
LibroafCr oyn gCraetsasl oging-in-Publication Data
GaddiJso,hL ne wis.
Thleo npge ace.
Incliunddeesx .
I.U niStteadt es-rFeolraetiigonnU sn-iSoonv.i et
2.S voiUenti on-iFgreonlr aetionsS-tUantietse.d
3.U niStteadt es-rFeolreaitgino ns-1945-
1.T itle.
E183.8.S16958G733 237 .7836 -33334
ISB0N- 19-570 4336-
ISB0N- 19-504335-9 (PBK)
468109753
Prinitnte hUden iStteadot fAe mse rica
For
Johann Edl izaBbaektehr
Peacemalcers
Preface
Thibso oskh owwhsa hta ppwenhsec nu rioasnidst eyr endciopmibtiwyni et h
shameolpepsosr tuTnhicesu mr.i ogsrieotwuy ot fm ys entsheaa nte arlainedr
concepmtourael lya mbaintaiilosou fps o stwar SUtnaitnteaestd i osnea·l
ys
curpiotlyi hcaynd*o nethleelcfeetsr st ain uqnureesstoiWlohvnaeestdx :a ctly
hadA mericfaonutsnh dr eataebnoiSunotgv ibeeth avaitto hree n odf W orld
WarI ID?i Wda shinrgetaowlnal nyat s pheorfie n flueinnpc oes tEwuarro pe,
ord iidnt o tH?o ww aist t hatthT er umaadnm inisetnrdaotribsouenttd h ,e n
almoismtm edibaatceklaeywd a fyr oam s,t raotfea gvyo idmiinlgi ctoamr·y
mitmeonntst hAes iamna inlaWnhdyd? i tdh Uen itSetda treesf rfarionm
usinnugc lweeaarp odnusr itnhgde e caidnwe h icihtw asi mmunteoa ny
possiobfia Sl oivtiryee tt aliatoDriyAd m aetrtiaoccffiakcn?i r aelasbl ellyi eve
int heex istoefan nic net ernactoimmounnails t "Hmoownd oilRdiu tshs"i?a ns
andAm ericainnstt ohfh eaa lbolif nt o att tempttos ihnodgoo tw ena coht her's
recaoinsnsasnacteel litesi?m pAonrdwt,ha yngm,tio ,vs tethn ue n precedented
levoefsl usp er-tpeonwsetirho hanta veex isstien1dc9 e4 h5a,Ws o rlWda rI II
nootc ceudr?r
The serendciapmiietn ty h rfeoer mFsi:r tshtpe,r ogroefds esc lassifica
tiobnr ouagbhottu htre e leianvs aesq,tu antoifto inecse,- sAemcerreiatcn adn
Britdioschu metnhtamsta dietp osstiobbl eeg tiona nswtehre qsuee stions.
Secoinhtda ,bs e emny gofoodr ttuohn aev pea rticiinp saaet reoidfec so n
fereanncdes sy mposilao-cianta isdo invse arsKs iee Bve,i jOisnlgPo,a, l o
•S tratoefgC ioenst ainAm Cernitt:Ai pcparla oifPs oaslt Awmaerr iNcaatni oSneaclu rity
(NeYwo rk: 1982).
Policy
viiiP reface
Altaon,Md o unKti sco-wphriocvhio dpepdo rtutnopi rteisfieensnd ti ntgess,t
h otheasnedss e,c utrhaeel wavyasl ua(binlfoe at l wafyosl loswuegdg)e s
yp
ti�onfcs o lleiangm uyoe wsn a ndr elafiteeldTd hsi.r adsa, c onseqoufe nce
havipnrge papraepde rs foocrc atshIife oosnuesmn ,yd s eilntf h seu rprising
buptl eassiitnuga otfhi aovniw nrgi tat beono wki thqouuitht aev isnegot u t
tod os o.
The opportruensiisidmnte hsfe ca tt haIat m t,o a ne xternetp,u blishing
myseThlrfe.eo f t hees saiynsc luidnte hdiv so luhmaev ael reaapdpye ared
ins ligdhitffleyrv eenrts iaosan rst iicnlj eosu rnoarcl osn ferveonlcuem es;
throeteh earrste o b ep ubliisnht ehdal ta tftoerrm aatst o mpeo iinntt he
futuThree d.i fficuwlittsyhu cphu blicatthioouingssth ,h,a wth aatp peianr s
them necsetsasnaadprsaif rlrtyo m ownhheaa tps u bliosnhr eedl attoepdi cs
elsewahnedir sne o tt,h ereefaosrcieol,ny n ewcitteohdn ew'isd ceorn cerns.
Ift hasto unldiska e fl imseyx cufsoerr e workoilnmdag t erIiw ailln,lo t
whollyd entyh ceh arBguetI.c apnl eiandm yd efetnhseees tableicsohed
logiscoauln donfet shpser incoifrp elceiy ncgtl,o gethetrh fewa icttthh aI t
amn otIb, e litehvfieer ,hs its totrohi aavdnei scoivter.e d
Myi ntenitnpi uolnl tihneges ses atyosg etihno enre pilsta omc aek see v
erialn �ercopnoniencttthseat:dth s eo urncoewes x ifsotpr r oduccairnegf ully
documentedi n" sctoundtieemsph oirsatroyr yi"s t-,ht pehe artit ohdaf ta lls
inb etwweheanjt o urnawlriiastbteos u atn dw hahti story tteexatcbho;o ks
that iwsch oantt aiintn heedss oeu rmcoedsi faitte ism,ie nss t riwkaiynosgur,
perceopftt ihorene cepnatsa tn;dt haatna warenoefhs osw r eocllecotfi ons
"whhaatp pendeidfff"er ro "mw haactt uhaalplpye nceadpn"r ovniedwae n d
att imveasl uaabnlgelo efvs i sifornow mh icthoc omprehaenndpd e,r haps
evetnoa ttetmomp otd yi,tf hper esent.'t
Is houllidhk eer teoe xprmeysg sr atittotu hdoews heom adpeo sstihbel e
occasuipoonwnsh itchhe esses aiynts h eoirri gfionrawmle rper esesnptee·d :
cifiicn diviadnudoa rlgsa nizaartieid oennst aitfit ehbdee ginonfie nagc h
chapNtoenroe.f t heImh ,a stteoan·d di,st ob eh elrde sponfsoiwrbh laet
resulIat mei dn.d ebatswe edlt lot hlei brariansa,n dea dricthwoiirvtsih sts,
ouwth omw ew how riatbeo tuhtre e cepnatsw to ulbdet otaaldlryii fnt :
partitcout lhaoarst,te h Oeffi coef t hHei stoirnti haDene partomfeS ntta te,
whicphr odutcheiesn dispensaFboler eRisegelrnai teosift,o h nUesn ited
StattehDsei ;p lomaantdMi ocd erMni litBarrayn cahtet shN ea tioAnral
chivtehsPe;u blic ORffiecceLo,or ndd otnh;He a rrSy.T rumaann dD wight
D.E isenhLoiwberra trhiSeee se;lG e.My u ddL ibraatrP yr incUentiovne r
sitayn;dn ,o lte atshtOe,h iUon iverLsiibtryaw rhye,rt ehs et ahffa vleo ng
sinlceea rnberda tctheoe mswehlevtneh ses yem ee c oming.
PubliswhiitSnhhg e lMdeoeynr a ndt hOex foUrndi verPsriehtsaysbs e
comaep leahsaabnnitot ot,n lym efb ourft o sre veo,rfma ylc olleiangt uhees
HistDoerpya rtamtAe tnhte Ina sm.p artrilcgyur laatefutli maetr hoiusn d
l
"'F oarn e ngagainntdgh ougehltafbuolro aftt hilioasnps oti snetRe,i chEa.rN de ustadt
andE rneRs.Mt a yT,h inkiinnT gi meT:h eU seosf H istfoorDyre cision-(MNaekwer s
Yor1k9:8 6).
