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P1:KAE 0521854091pre CUNY324B/Kalyvas 0521854091 March27,2006 20:2 This page intentionally left blank ii P1:KAE 0521854091pre CUNY324B/Kalyvas 0521854091 March27,2006 20:2 The Logic of Violence in Civil War Byanalyticallydecouplingwarandviolence,thisbookexploresthecausesand dynamicsofviolenceincivilwar.Againstprevailingviewsthatsuchviolenceis eithertheproductofimpenetrablemadnessorasimplewaytoachievestrategic objectives, the book demonstrates that the logic of violence in civil war has much less to do with collective emotions, ideologies, cultures, or “greed and grievance”thancurrentlybelieved.StathisKalyvasdistinguishesbetweenindis- criminate and selective violence and specifies a novel theory of selective violence:itisjointlyproducedbypoliticalactorsseekinginformationandindi- vidualnoncombatantstryingtoavoidtheworstbutalsograbbingwhatoppor- tunitiestheirpredicamentaffordsthem.Violenceisnotasimplereflectionof theoptimalstrategyofitsusers;itsprofoundlyinteractivecharacterdefeatssim- plemaximizationlogicswhileproducingsurprisingoutcomes,suchasrelative nonviolenceinthe“frontlines”ofcivilwar.Civilwaroffersirresistibleopportu- nitiestothosewhoarenotnaturallybloodthirstyandabhordirectinvolvement inviolence.Themanipulationofpoliticalorganizationsbylocalactorswishing toharmtheirrivalssignalsaprocessofprivatizationofpoliticalviolencerather thanthemorecommonlythoughtpoliticizationofprivatelife.Seenfromthis perspective,violenceisaprocesstakingplacebecauseofhumanaversionrather thanapredispositiontowardhomicidalviolence,whichhelpsexplainthepara- doxoftheexplosionofviolenceinsocialcontextscharacterizedbyhighlevelsof interpersonalcontact,exchange,andeventrust.Hence,individualbehaviorin civilwarshouldbeinterpretedlessasaninstanceofsocialanomieandmoreas aperversemanifestationofabundantsocialcapital.Finally,Kalyvaselucidates the oft-noted disjunction between action on the ground and discourse at the topbyshowingthatlocalfragmentationandlocalcleavagesareacentralrather thanperipheralaspectofcivilwars. Stathis N. Kalyvas is Arnold Wolfers Professor of Political Science at Yale, wherehedirectstheProgramonOrder,Conflict,andViolence.Hehasprevi- ouslytaughtatChicago,NYU,andOhioStateandhasbeenavisitingprofessor attheJuanMarchInstituteandaJeanMonnetFellowattheEuropeanUni- versityInstitute.HeistheauthorofTheRiseofChristianDemocracyinEurope (1996),whichwasawardedtheJ.DavidGreenstonePrizeforthebestbookin politicsandhistory.HehasalsoreceivedtheGregoryLuebbertAwardforthe bestarticleincomparativepoliticsandhasbeenagrantrecipientoftheHarry FrankGuggenheimFoundationandtheUnitedStatesInstituteofPeace. i P1:KAE 0521854091pre CUNY324B/Kalyvas 0521854091 March27,2006 20:2 ii P1:KAE 0521854091pre CUNY324B/Kalyvas 0521854091 March27,2006 20:2 Cambridge Studies in Comparative Politics GeneralEditor MargaretLeviUniversityofWashington,Seattle AssistantGeneralEditor StephenHansonUniversityofWashington,Seattle AssociateEditors PeterLangeDukeUniversity HelenMilnerPrincetonUniversity FrancesRosenbluthYaleUniversity SusanStokesYaleUniversity SidneyTarrowCornellUniversity KathleenThelenNorthwesternUniversity ErikWibbelsUniversityofWashington,Seattle OtherBooksintheSeries LisaBaldez,WhyWomenProtest:Women’sMovementsinChile StefanoBartolini,ThePoliticalMobilizationoftheEuropeanLeft,1860–1980: TheClassCleavage MarkBeissinger,NationalistMobilizationandtheCollapseoftheSovietState NancyBermeo,ed.,UnemploymentintheNewEurope CarlesBoix,DemocracyandRedistribution CarlesBoix,PoliticalParties,Growth,andEquality:ConservativeandSocial DemocraticEconomicStrategiesintheWorldEconomy CatherineBoone,MerchantCapitalandtheRootsofStatePowerinSenegal, 1930–1985 CatherineBoone,PoliticalTopographiesoftheAfricanState:TerritorialAuthority andInstitutionalChange MichaelBrattonandNicolasvandeWalle,DemocraticExperimentsinAfrica: RegimeTransitionsinComparativePerspective MichaelBratton,RobertMattes,andE.Gyimah-Boadi,PublicOpinion, Democracy,andMarketReforminAfrica ValerieBunce,LeavingSocialismandLeavingtheState:TheEndofYugoslavia, theSovietUnion,andCzechoslovakia DanieleCaramani,TheNationalizationofPolitics:TheFormationofNational ElectoratesandPartySystemsinEurope ContinuedaftertheIndex iii P1:KAE 0521854091pre CUNY324B/Kalyvas 0521854091 March27,2006 20:2 Publicationofthisbookhasbeenaidedbythegenerosityofthe YaleCenterforInternationalandAreaStudies. iv P1:KAE 0521854091pre CUNY324B/Kalyvas 0521854091 March27,2006 20:2 The Logic of Violence in Civil War STATHIS N. KALYVAS YaleUniversity v    Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press TheEdinburghBuilding,Cambridge,UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridg e.org /9780521854092 © Stathis N. Kalyvas 2006 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexceptionandtotheprovisionof relevantcollectivelicensingagreements,noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplace withoutthewrittenpermissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublishedinprintformat 2006 - ---- eBook(EBL) - --- eBook(EBL) - ---- hardback - --- hardback paperback - --- paperback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyofs forexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication,anddoesnot guaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain,accurateorappropriate. P1:KAE 0521854091pre CUNY324B/Kalyvas 0521854091 March27,2006 20:2 (cid:1)(cid:2)(cid:3)ς (cid:4)γγελικ(cid:2)(cid:3)ς vii P1:KAE 0521854091pre CUNY324B/Kalyvas 0521854091 March27,2006 20:2 Wearesolittleaccustomedtotreatsocialphenomenascientificallythatcertain ofthepropositionscontainedinthisbookmaywellsurprisethereader.However, ifthereistobeasocialscience,weshallexpectitnotmerelytoparaphrasethe traditionalprejudicesofthecommonmanbuttogiveusanewanddifferentview of them; for the aim of all sciences is to make discoveries, and every discovery moreorlessdisturbsacceptedideas. EmileDurkheim,TheRulesofSociologicalMethod Nooneengagedinthoughtabouthistoryandpoliticscanremainunawareofthe enormousroleviolencehasalwaysplayedinhumanaffairs,anditisatfirstsight surprisingthatviolencehasbeensingledoutsoseldomforspecialconsideration. HannahArendt,OnViolence Lenouveauneseproduitjamaisparsimpleinterpolationdel’ancien. MichelHouellebecq,Lesparticulese´le´mentaires viii

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