The Logic of the Articles in Traditional Philosophy: A Contribution to the Study of Conceptual Structures

555 Pages·1974·35.64 MB·English

by  E. M. Barth (auth.)

THE LOGIC OF THE ARTICLES IN
TRADITIONAL PHILOSOPHY
SYNTHESE HISTORICAL LIBRARY
TEXTS AND STUDIES IN THE HISTORY OF
LOGIC AND PHILOSOPHY
Editors:
N. KRETZ MANN, Cornell University
G. NUCHELMANS, University of Leyden
L. M. DE RUK, University of Leyden
Editorial Board:
J. BERG, Munich Institute of Technology
F. DEL PUNTA, Linacre College, Oxford
D. P. HENRY, University of Manchester
J. HINTIKKA, Academy of Finland and Stanford University
B. MATES, University of California, Berkeley
J. E. MURDOCH, Harvard University
G. PATZIG, University ofGottingen
VOLUME 10
E.M.BARTH
THE LOGIC
OF THE ARTICLES
IN TRADITIONAL
PHILOSOPHY
A Contribution to the Study of Conceptual Structures
D. REIDEL PUBLISHING COMPANY
DORDRECHT-HOLLAND / BOSTON-U.S.A.
DE LOGICA VAN DE LIDWOORDEN IN DE
TRADITIONELE FILOSOFIE
First published by Universitaire Pers, Leiden 1971
Translated /rom the Dutch by E. M. Barth and T. C. Potts
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 73-94452
ISBN-13: 978-90-277-1187-8 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-010-9866-3
001: 10.1007/978-94-010-9866-3
Published by D. Reidel Publishing Company,
P.O. Box 17, Dordrecht, Holland
Sold and distributed in the U.S.A., Canada and Mexico
by D. Reidel Publishing Company, Inc.
306 Dartmouth Street, Boston,
Mass. 02116, U.S.A.
All Rights Reserved
Copyright © 1974 by D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, Holland
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1974
No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm,
or any other means, without written permission from the publisher
To the memory of J. B. Barth
To H. A. J. F. Misset
T ABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE XIX
PREFACE TO THE ORIGINAL EDITION XXI
ON THE USE OF SYMBOLS AND GRAPHICAL TYPES XXIII
PART 1. THE PROBLEM
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION: PROBLEMS AND SOURCES 3
1. The Divided World of Philosophy 3
2. The Methodenstreit in the Humanities and the Social Sciences 5
3. Recent Publications in Traditional Logic: German Idealism
and "Dialectics" 7
4. Recent Publications: neo-Thomistic Logic. What-Logic and
Relating-Logic 13
5. "Pure Logic" as the Theory ofIdentity 15
6. The Status of Aristotelian Syllogistic from the Point of View
of Contemporary Logic 19
7. The Locke-Berkeley Problem and Fregean Logic 22
8. The Dialogical Formulation of Fregean Elementary Logic 24
9. The Critical Study of Applied Conceptual Structures: a
Logical Discipline 26
Notes 30
CHAPTER II. NAMING WHAT IS 34
1. A First Acquaintance with Concrete Universal Terms 34
2. The Logophore 35
3. Husserl on Definite Articles 37
4. Definition of "Logophoric Uses" of the Articles and of
Other Operators by which Substantives are Formed 38
5. The H-Thesis 42
VIII TABLE OF CONTENTS
6. Examples 45
Notes 46
CHAPTER III. THE SEMANTICS OF THE LOGICAL CONSTANTS 50
1. Introduction and Elimination of Logical Constants 50
2. The Meanings of "an Arbitrary S" 52
3. The Problem of the Eliminability of Logophoric Articles
and of their Meaning in Discussions 57
4. Von Freytag's Treatment of das Mist P 58
5. Are Logophoric Judgments in some Cases Real Definitions? 61
6. Are Logophoric Judgments in some Cases a Kind of Modal
Judgments? 62
7. Some Introductory Remarks on the Definite Article in
Contemporary Logic 63
8. Is the "Pure Logic" a Completed Science? 67
Notes 69
PART 2. HISTORICAL SURVEY
CHAPTER IV. FROM THE HISTORY OF THE LOGIC OF
INDEFINITE PROPOSITIONS 75
1. Introductory Remarks 75
2. Aristotle's aotopt<1'tQt 76
3. Propositiones indefinitae in the Logic of the Schoolmen 79
4. Suppositio simplex and suppositio personalis: William of
Sherwood 80
5. Suppositio simplex and suppositio personalis: Peter of Spain 81
6. The Theory of suppositio as a Theory of Types 83
7. Mobility and the Logic of General Terms 84
8. The Logic of the Grammatical Singular 87
9. Indicating suppositio by means of Articles 88
10. Indefinita - determinata - indeterminata and the Contem
porary uncertainty with Respect to Definite and Indefinite
Articles 90
11. Suppositio determinata and Statements of Existence 91
12. Logophoric Value Judgments and suppositio simplex 94
TABLE OF CONTENTS IX
13. Articles Analysed in Terms of Quantifiers: from suppositio
simplex to suppositio personalis by means of Polyadic Predi-
cation 95
14. "Philosophical" suppositio: suppositio naturalis 97
15. Arguments with Indefinite Premisses in the Logic of the
Renaissance: Ramus and Keckermann 100
16. New Foundations: Hospinianus 105
17. Leibniz 105
18. From Wolff to "Oberweg: Mptcnot and the Theory of
Negation 106
19. Wundt on Logic as the Study of Indefinite Magnitudes 109
20. Are Logophoric Judgments Mt6ptcnot? 110
21. "Absolute" and "Relative" Judgments with "Logical" sup-
positio in Plander's Logic 113
22. Hering and the Problem of the General Lion 118
23. Propositions indefinies in the Logique de Port-Royal. Con
nection with 'definitio rei' in Case of a universalite meta-
physique 119
24. Exceptions Possible in Case of a universalire morale 122
25. Archbishop Whately's Perplexity 123
26. Mill as the Heir of Whately: Rejection of Real Definitions 125
27. "The Most Perfect Exposition of Classical Logic": Keynes 126
28. A Twentieth Century "Philosophical" Logic on Indefinite
Propof>itions and suppositio naturalis: Maritain 128
29. Suppositio naturalis throughout the Centuries 131
30. Reduplicative Propositions: "in so far as" and "as such" 133
(i) Reduplicative Propositions 133
(ii) Specificatory Propositions 135
(iii) Analysis of Specificatory Propositions as Reduplicative
Propositions 136
Notes 137
CHAPTER V. FROM THE HISTORY OF THE LOGIC OF
INDIVIDUAL PROPOSITIONS 141
1. Introductory Remarks about the Use of the Words "Singular"
and "Individual" 141
x TABLE OF CONTENTS
2. Aristotle on Individual Propositions and the Doctrine of
ekthesis 143
3. Comparison with Indefinite Propositions in the Organon 145
4. Expository Syllogisms 146
5. Exposition and exemplum in the Logic of the Renaissance 152
(i) Influence from Rhetoric 152
(ii) Exemplum and similitudo 153
(iii) When is an Argument from an exemplum Logically
Valid? 154
(iv) The Third Figure 154
(v) Why were Third Figure Expository Syllogisms Rejected? 155
6. Melanchton's Example 155
7. The Ramistic Modes 157
8. Hospinianus 160
9. The vis universalis of Singular Propositions 161
10. Leibniz 162
11. Wolff: Definite Descriptions and the dictum de omni 163
12. Kant 165
13. Lambert and the dictum de exemplo. Comparison with
Melanchton 167
14. Hegel 169
15. Herbart 170
16. Comparison between the Traditional Theory of Definite
Descriptions and Russell's Theory: Analogy Instead of
Identity 170
17. Singular Propositions in the Logic of Maritain 173
18. The Logical Form of Individual Propositions with Definite
Descriptions as Grammatical Subject: Russell 175
19. Replacing Proper Names by Descriptions 176
20. Identification by Description 177
Notes 178
CHAPTER VI. SINGULAR - GENERAL - INDEFINITE 180
1. Logophoric Judgments as Singular Judgments 180
2. Primitive Paradigmatic Logic 181
3. Primitive Paradigmatic Logic Rejected by Pfander 185
TABLE OF CONTENTS XI
4. Two Kinds of Definite Article with a Generalizing Function.
Comparison with Maritain 187
5. PIander on the Limitations of Traditional Syllogistic 188
6. A Theory of Entailment? 189
7. The Problem of Relative Generic Judgments and the
Variable Copula 192
8. Comparison with Lotze, Sigwart and Jerusalem 194
9. The Relativity of Relative Generic Judgments 195
10. Exemplum and the Method of Variation 196
11. Relation, Analogy, Paradigm: "a Glimpse of Chaos" 197
12. Conclusions 198
13. Glimpses of Grammar 199
(i) Jespersen on the Arbitrary Generic Person 199
(ii) Negative Indefinite Sentences 201
(iii) Singularis - pluralis - indifferentialis 201
Notes 202
CHAPTER VII. THE IDENTITY THEORIES OF THE COPULA 204
1. Introduction 204
2. Extensional Identity Theories of the Copula 206
3. The Inherence Theory of the Copula 207
4. Comprehensional Identity Theories of the Copula: Logic as
the Study of Indefinite Propositions 210
5. Schematic Survey 213
6. Expected Properties of the Notions of Identity and Partial
Identity in Traditional Logic 214
7. Fichte's Logic: a Symmetric Copula 216
8. Reflexivity of the Copula 219
9. Transitivity of the Copula 222
10. Two Kinds of Logical Identity 223
11. Identity-Logic and Contradiction-Logic 224
(i) Two Senses of "Logic of Identity" 224
(ii) Plato's Paradox 226
12. Neo-Platonic Fichtean Logic (NPF-Iogic). The Intensive
Identity Theory of the Copula (id-logic) 230
13. Later German Traditional Logic and its Relation to the
NPF-Logic 232