Table Of ContentThe Livirg
Cell
Instructional Computing Courseware
for Appleo iI SeriEsC omputers
This manuali s compatible
with
Tlu Living CefI disk
Versionl .x
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darnagerse sultingf rorn any useo f or defectsi n the product.
@MECC
3490 Irxington AvenueN ortlr
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ISBN 0-7929-0169-X June1 991
Copyright@ 1991b y MECC. All rightsr esenred.T his softwarca ndm anualm ay not be copied
or transferredto anotherm ediume xcepta s pemrittedb y U.S. CopyrightL aw or as authorizedb y
written agreemcnwt ith MECC. Appleoa ndP roDOSoa rer egistcredt radcmarkso f Apple
Computer,I nc., of Cupertino,C alifornia. Permissioni s grantedt o reproducet he student
workshees containedi n this manual.
Library of CongressC ataloging-in.PublicatioDn ata
The living cell [computefri le]. - Version1 .0.
1 computerd isk ; 3 ln n. + I manual.
Systemr cquirementsA: pple tr scricsc omputers;1 28K
RAM; PToDOSB; ASIC; I disk drive; monochromeo r color
monitor.
Title from title scrccn
Edition sgtementf rom disk label.
Copy-protected.
Audiencc:G rades7 -12.
Issueda lsoo n 5 ll4 in. computerd isk
Summary:A simulationt hate nabless $dentst o increase
their knowledgea ndc oncepruaul ndersundingo f the
equilibriumt hat cells maintainw ith rheire nvironmenr.
Srudentsin vestigatec ell rcspirationa nda ctivet ransponb y
assumingt he role of the cell membnanea ndr egulatingt he flow
of sevens ubstanceisn to ando ut of thc ccll.
"A-278"- Disk label.
1. Biologicalt ransport-Regulation-Software.
2. Biological transpon-Sofware. I. MinnesotaE ducational
Computi ng Corporation.
QH509 1991 574.87 9r-r3293
rsBN 0-7929-0169-X
Usei n anI nstructionaSle ning.. .............
ThinkingS kills ...................23
ClassroomAc tivities .........27
TextbookC orrelation .......30
StudenWt orksheets................ ...........33
DataR ecordinSgh eeOt ne:" Life withO xygenr'........... ....................33
DataR ecordingS heeTt wo: "Life WithoutO xygen" .....33
EvaluatioSnh eet":' WhaIt FouncOi ut"......... ..................34
AnswerS heet":W hatI FoundO ut" ........ .....35
Credits ................37
References ..........38
MECCS ervices .................39
INTRODUCTION
TheL iving Cell is designedto helps rudentisn vestigateth ee quilibriumt hatc ellsm aintainw ith
their environmen(t homeosusis)c, ell respiradon( aerobica nda naerobic)a, nd Eansport
(specificallya ctivet ranspon).T he producti s designedfo r teacher-centeredde monstrationass an
"electronicc halkboard"i n a single-computecrl assroom.I t is, however,a lso well suitedf or
individual,s mall-groupo, r large-groups nrdenet xplorationsin a computcrl ab. Thc programsa re
meantt o be integratedin to classroomp resentadonsF,x tbook chaptcrsa, ndl aboratory
investigationso n the topicso f activea ndp assivet ransporth, omeostasisa,n da erobica nd
anaerobicre spiration.
TheL iving Cell includestw o instructionapl rogramsL, iving with Oxygena ndL iving Without
Oxygen,t o enables tudentsto increaseth eir knowledgea ndc onccptuaul nderstandinogf the
dynarnicp rocessetsh at takep lacei n a living cell. Specifically,t he programss imulatet hose
functions that activcly takc place in thc cell mcmbranca s it atterryts to maintain a dynamic
equilibniumw ith its environment..T hem ajor focuso f the simulation,a ctiveE ansporti,s a key
processth at cells havea t their disposatl o help maintaina constantin ternale nvironment.
TIU Living Cell is an open-endedu,n guidedl,e arninge nvironmenitn which studentsin vestigate
the movemenot f substanceisn to ando ut of the cell. StudEntsc onstantlyf ind themselves
challengedto crcatet heir own modelsb y asking" what would happenif ?" questionsto determine
which substancetso transfera ndh ow mucho f themt o transferi n ordert o keept he cell alive
long enoughf or it to maturea ndd ivide into two daughterc ells.
Living with Oxygen hast hrees imulations.T he studentsa rer equiredo maintaina n appropriate
baianceo f sevens ubstancesg:l ucosep, otassiumio ns,s odiumi ons,c hloridei ons, water,w aste,
ando xygen. [n ConstanEt nvironmentt,h e cell is in a mediumt hat doesn ot changei n response
to the cell's metabolicp rocessesS. rudentsm ustr egulates cvens ubstanceisn ordert o be
successful.I n ControllableE nvironmentt,h e cell is in a mcdiumt hat respondsto the cell's own
menbolic processesS. tudentsm ustr egulatet he substanceisn both the cell andt he cell medium
in ordert o be successful.I n UncontrollableE nvironmentt,h e cell is in a sealedm ediumt hat
respondsto the cell's own metabolicp rocessesS. tudentsfi nd that they canr egulatet he
substanceisn the cell, but rheyc anrwrr egulatet he mediumt he cell is in. Successin this
simulationi s measuredin termso f efficiency,t hat is, the numbero f generationsth atr emain
alive.
Living Without Oxygen enablesy ou to engages tudentsin the problem-solvingp rocesses
inherenti n keepinga cell alive in an anaerobice nvironment.T he simulationa ssumesth att he
cell lives in an unchanginge nvironmen(t medium). The studen$a rer cquiredt o maintaina n
appropriateb alanceo f six substancesg:l ucosep, otassiumio ns, sodiumi ons,c hloridei ons, water,
andw aste.
It is assumedth at studentsw ill receivep rcparationb eforca ndg uidancew hile usingT lu Living
CeII. This producti s designedto emphasizea nd suppont he usco f sciencep rocesss kills as well
ast o providea channelf or learninga ndu ndentandingr @ommcndedb asicc onceptsa nd
principlcs. The goal is that thesep rogramsw ill eitherl eadt o or follow from student-centered
laboratoryin vestigationsd calingw ith cellularp rocessese,s peciallyt he movemento f substances
acrossa membranea nda erobica nda naerobicre spiration.T hus,w hile the producti s firmly
groundedin recommendedco ntent,i t alsos upportsa strongp rocesso rientation.
THE LIVING CELL
DESCRIPTION
Tlu Living Cell is a seto f easy-to-usesi mulationsth at enabless nrdcntsto get a first-hand
experienceo f a cell's stnrgglef or life. ln theses imulationst,h e studenta ssumesth e role of the
cell's mcmbnaner,e gulatingt he flow of substanceisn to ando ut of the cell. The student's
immediateo bjectivei s to maintaint he life of the cell until it is manre enought o divide into two
daughterc ells. The student'slo ng-termg oali s to maintainl ife througha s many generadonos f
daughtecr ellsa sp ossible.I t is expectedth att eacherws ill uset hesep rogramsa sa pan of their
classroomp resentationosn activea ndp assivet ransporta ndo n cell rcspiration.
Curriculum Area: Biology, Life Science
Subject: Aerobic andA naerobicR espiration
Topic Active Trurspon
Tlpe: Discovery-LearningSimulation
Grade Range: 7-12
Operational Mode: IndividualI nstruction,la nge-GroupD emonsmdon
Hardware: Requiresa n Apple II seriesc omputcrw ith at
least1 28Ko f memorya ndo ned isk drive; a
color monitori s optional,b ut rccommended.
THE LIVING CELL
THE PROGRAMSA T A GLANCE
This sectionp rovides a generald escriptiono f thc two programsi ncluded n Tlu Living Cell.
For information abouts pecific programs,s eet he Table of Contents. Each program hasa similar
scrcenf ormat andm ethodo f interaction.T o begrnu singo neo f thesep rogramsp, lacet he disk in
the disk drive, turn on the computer,a ndp roceedt o the main menu.
Main Menu
The-Lz G-ivinqC ell
The main menud isplaysf ivc options.
Option I beginst hc Living with Oxygen
progmm. Option 2 beginst he Living
Without Oxygen progam. Option 3
Liuing lrlithout Oxgg.n
presentas list of theh ighests cores.O ption
Vicw High-Scone List
4 providesa programd escriptiona ndM ECC
producti nformation. Option 5 endst he
crrrlents essiono f Tlu Liing CeU. To
continuew ith this walk-through,u set he
iurow keys to hightightO ption I or 2 and Urr errowr to movr.
Pnrrr Rrtuen.
pressR eturn.
After selectingO ption1 , Living with
Oxygen,t hep rogramd isplaysa second
menu( shownh ere)w ith threeo ptions:
Heelth,6ood
ConstanEt nvironment,C ontrollable
-.,..rllllll[[l
Environmenta. ndU ncontrollable
Environment.T he first option allows
studentsto rcgulatet he substanceisn the cell Sodium 2 ions
asw ell asv iew thosei n thec ell's constant
environment.T he secondo ption allows
studentsto view and to regulatet he trJetrc 626O molc.
substanceisn the cell as well as thosei n the
cell's environment.T he third option allows
studentsto view, but nor to regulatet he
substanceins thec ell's changing i9' Movr Brturn' Srhct rubrtrncr
Ercrpe, Mrln Mcnu ?r Hclp
environment.W hen the programs cr€en
appearst,h e sodentsa rer eadyt o begin.
WhenO ption2 , Living lVithout Oxygen,
(mainm enu)i s selecteda, n introductory
screena ppearsfo llowed by the program
screen( shownh ere). When the program
screena ppearst,h e studentsa rer eadyt o
begtn.
THE LIVING CELL
THE PROGRAMSA T A GLANCE (continued)
Program Interaction Screen
Eachp rogramh asa similar screenfo rmat
Hrrlth: Good Mrx i'lin
andm ethodo f interaction,a nde achp rogram
...,,,I, r,Ir n I lll ll ll l IEIEECI 22 mote.
interactions creenis dividedi nto several
distincta reas.W hatf ollowsi s a brief Potassium {8 ions
descriptiono f the concentration-indicator
barso n the right sideo f the screen.
-
Co n ce n tratio n-I ndicator B ars lrfetre 6{{3 molc.
The right sideo f the screend isplayss ix or -
lrlaste I mole.
sevenh orizontals etso f concentration-
indicatorb ars. Thesein dicatorb ars Mrdium Orygcn 323 mole.
tit.n---..-<--
representth es ubstance(sv ariablest)h at
,iO, Movr Rrturn' Sclcct rublttncc
studentsc an adjust. Eachc oncentration- Ercrpr' F{ein Mrnu ?, Help
indicatorb ar includest he following
information:
Hrelth. 6ood Mer Min
.....orrrIlllli6lilulncosc 22 molc
the nameo f thea djustablesu bsrance;
the currentn umbero f moleculeso r ions: Potassium {8 ions
the sliding concentration-indicatobra r
lwhite);
the safec oncennationz one( green);a nd
a
the maximuma nd/orm inimum aien
zones( orange).
Only one substanceca n be selecteda nd M, Mcdium Orggcn
adjusteda t a time. Selecto neo f the I -a-a-_.3 - -6r. nilsn
,irlrr Mouc Raturnt Select substance
substancebsy usingt heU p- or Down-Arow Esclpe' Mrln Menu ?, Help
Keyst o movet he cursor( highlightinga
substancen ame)a ndp ressR enrm. This
causesn ro thingst o happen: Hcrlthr Good Mar Min
Glucocc 2l molc.
-..".rrlllll!ll
. a marker( violet) appeiuso n the end Potessium --r--.-.-.--.--*! {5 ionusnts
of the concentration-indicatobra r,a nd -€!.-_-r wxttsilrtil
Sodlum 5 ion:r
-
. a box (violet) appearss howingt he Chlorldc .2 ions
currentc oncentratioonf thats ubstance.
68$3 molr.
l-
Oxggrn 317 molc.
--- -----E -s -o
t'tovi_- c t d; n' eicGt 6.5i'
eprr Rcstorc substance level
THE LIVING CELL
THE PROGRAMSA T A GLANCE (continued)
Program Interaction Screen( continued)
Clange Concentrations
Hrrlth' Good Mrr Min
You beginc hangingt he concentrationo f a
...,",rllllllllllfGlllucose 2l rnole.
sKuebysstt aon mcbeoy v eut shien gcto hnec Reingthrat-t oiorn L-einftd-iAcrartoowr : @H2O, Out taP :o-+-t--rr--r.--s-, itrm - 11r-r6nn- i..o nsnxtn
tl *----*-n-.
marker. The newly selectedc oncentration Sodlum - 5 ionr
can be readi n the box abovet he marker. tffial
Chlonidc 2 ions
When the desiredn ew concentrationis
acceptablep, nessR enrrn. The concentration lrJrtrr 66{3 molr.
will thenb e adjustedo nc incrementa t a
UJrrtc 7 molc.
time.
-
Mr Modigm Oxygrn 317 molc.
Or
Whent he ReturnK ey hasb eenp ressedt,h e
following eventso ccun Ercrge' Stop chrnging lrurl
. the cellularp rocessebs egrn
increasingo r decreasingth e amount Hrelthr 6ood Mex F,lin
of substancea si ndicated; -....rrrrlllll!llGlllucosc 2t molc.
. the left endo f the indicatorb ar will Potesslum - {6 ions
move to the location of the marker; F-.-q-r a0(t{t{({xtt{l
Sodium - 5 ions
. the curent concentrationn umber
-
(right side)w ill increaseo r desrease Chlonidc 2 ions
appropriatelyu ntil it matchesth e
63{3 mole-
numberi n the box; and
-
. the otherc oncentration-indicatobra rs ly'ertr 7 mole.
will alsoc hangea s thoses ubstances Mr Mcdium Orggrn 317 molc.
automaticallya djusta s a resulto fcellular Or Oett
/l*, turn, l.ct iubit.nc.
respirationp rocesses. Ercepe. Mrin Mcnu ?' Help
When the desiredc oncentrationis reached,
the box andm arkerw ill disappeaar nd
studensc an makea nothers electiona nd
adjusunenc
Note: An indicatorb ar may increaseo r decreased uring or immerliatelyf ollowing the movement
of the indicator bar to your goal. This indicatest hat the substanceh asi ncreasedo r decreasedd ue
to cell activity in the pnocesos f adjustingt o the new level.
Note: PressingE scaped uring thc concentration-changinpgro cesss topst he processa ndr eturns
the narne-highlightign cursor.
THE LIVING CELL
THE PROGRAMSA T A GLANCE (continued)
Program Interaction Screen( continued)
The left sideo f the screend isplaysf our
Heelth' Fein Mer fTtq|rftrT:'f Min
informationa reas:a healthm eter.a n
animatedc ell graphic,a n ATP meter,a nda ..-*rrItlll Glucose 2O mole-
Westc r In -
commandk ey display. Potassium {6 ions
tt .-----+_.--n.-n-n--.----,r ttrtr(tilttnIxxl
-
Sodium 5 ionr
Health Meter o
The healthm eterc hangesa s the general O Chlorlde 2 ionc
healtho f the cell changes.A onc-word
UJetcn 63{3 mole-
healthd escription( Good,F air, Poor,D yrng)
-
is disptayeda bovet he health-indicatobr ar. lrJartr [:1.3_l fEl6s1".
M, Mrdium Oxggrn 3l I mole-
-ltllirr
At thet op of ther ight sideo f the screenr,h e ...-..-.:o ..-. Q.r-3-- *.-.e. ...
word" ALERT'is displayedw heno neo r
Erc:pr, Stop chenging lrvel
mores ubstanceis nearo r at the minimum or
maximume nd of its acceptablera nge. The
word" DANGER" is displayedw hent he Hrrlth' Good
situationh asr eacheda criticals tate( i.e.. -,...rrrtlllIlltr
whent hec ell is dying).
Potrsgium {2 ions
Cell Graphic
The graphico f a generalizedc ell changes
interactivelyw ith concentrationa djustments
thato ccuri n thec ell. Thesec hangesm ay Wrtcr 7 t q3
haveb eenm aded irectly or indirectly by the
studens.O therc hangesta kep lace
periodically,s ucha s the movemenot f water M, hltdium
-IIEI
into the cell from the medium. The cell --9:-QlLr----
+O: Movr Roturn. Srlcct substancc
increaseso r decreaseisn sizet o indicatei ts Ercepr, Mein l"lenu ?. Help
generahl ealtha ndm aturiry. It dividesi nro
two daughterc ells at manrrity,o r it may
shrivela ndd ie.
Hrelth, Good l'ler Min
.."...rrlll!lllllGlucorc 2l molo.
ATP Meter
Potrrrlum {6 ions
The ATP (adenosinetr iphosphatem) eter
-
displayst he numbero f ATP molecules Sodlum 5 ions
(energyu nits) that arec urrendya vailable. -
Chlorldc 2 ions
The meterd isplayst he numbero f ATP
-
moleculesa vailablet o the cell. When the 68{3 mole.
meterr eachesz cro,m or€ oxygena nd
lrfrrte 3 mole-
glucosew ill be usedt o producea dditional
-
ATP. Two ATP moleculesa re gainedf rom l'lr Flcdlum Orggrn 3O? mole-
Or Date
eachg lucosem oleculei n anaerobic ,i*! Mou. Itunn. Sclrct substence
respiration;3 8 ATP moleculesa reg ainedi n Escepc. Mrin Mcnu ?' Help
aerobicr espiration.
