Table Of ContentNobuyuki Imanishi · Alan C. Luntz
Peter Bruce E ditors
The Lithium
Air Battery:
Fundamentals
The Lithium Air Battery: Fundamentals
Nobuyuki Imanishi (cid:129) Alan C. Luntz (cid:129) Peter Bruce
Editors
The Lithium Air Battery:
Fundamentals
Editors
NobuyukiImanishi AlanC.Luntz
FacultyofEngineering IBMResearch,AlmadenResearchCenter
DepartmentofChemistry SanJose,CA,USA
MieUniversity
Tsu,Japan SUNCAT,SLACNationalAccelerator
Laboratory
PeterBruce MenloPark,CA,USA
SchoolofChemistry
UniversityofSt.Andrews
St.Andrews,UK
ISBN978-1-4899-8061-8 ISBN978-1-4899-8062-5(eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-1-4899-8062-5
SpringerNewYorkHeidelbergDordrechtLondon
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2014933798
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Preface
Energy storage has emerged as one of the greatest challenges facing society in
thetwenty-firstcentury.Withtheworldpopulationincreasingandmanypartsofthe
worldbecomingmoreindustrialized,thedemandforusableenergyispredictedto
riseinexorably(by56%fromnowto2040).Asaresult,coal,oil,andgaswillbe
joined increasingly by nuclear and renewable fuels for electricity generation.
Deploying renewable energy will certainly become necessary to mitigate CO
2
emissions and their effects on climate change as energy demand grows. The use
ofrenewablestransformsthedemandforenergystorage.Asthiscomponentgrows
relative to traditional sources, it will ultimately be necessary to store the
unpredictable supply of electricity from renewable generation and provide it to
consumers when required. While the time scale for employing electrochemical
energy storage on the grid is not immediate, the electrification of transport is
driven by the same imperatives and is beginning now. The lack of cost-effective,
safe,long-lastingelectricalenergystorage withsufficientenergydensitiesisright
now the only significant bottleneck preventing mass market conversion to
electricvehicles.
Meetingtheneedsforenergystoragewillrequirearangeofsolutions,including
lithium-ion batteries. Due to its relatively high energy density, the lithium-ion
battery—whichSonyintroducedin1991—ledtotheportableelectronicsrevolution
of the last two decades. The Lithium-ion battery will continue to evolve slowly
providing increasing energy density; it is currently the technology of choice for
electricvehiclesandwillbecriticalformanyyearstocome.However,thegeneral
consensus today is that for true mass market acceptance of electric vehicles, a
batterychemistrybeyondLi-ionwithahigherenergydensity(andhencerange-cost
tradeoff)mustultimatelybeemployed.Therefore,itisimportanttolookbeyondthe
horizon of lithium-ion and explore alternative rechargeable batteries that might
exceedwhatlithium-ionbatteriescoulddeliver.Theoptionsarelimitedandinclude
zincairandlithiumsulfur;howeverthebatterywiththehighesttheoreticalspecific
energy is obtained by combining a lithium anode with an O cathode, i.e., the
2
lithiumairbattery.
v
vi Preface
UsingO asafuelatthecathodeofabatteryisnotnew.Forexample,primary
2
zincairbatterieshavebeenusedformanydecades.Thelithiumairbatteryhasbeen
exploredsincethe1970s;especiallynoteworthyisthepioneeringworkbyAbraham
in 1996. Today, the need for better energy is driving intense interest in the
rechargeable lithium air battery. As with any technology that has the potential to
betransformational,significantbarriersneedtobeovercome.Priortotheintroduc-
tionofthelithium-ionbattery,manybelievedrechargeablelithiumbatterieswould
neverbecomeacommercialreality.Workontheearlyincarnationsoftherecharge-
able lithium air battery revealed that the reactions taking place in such cells were
notthoseexpectedordesired.Theclearlessonfromthisworkwasthatfundamental
understandingofthechemistryandelectrochemistryunderpinningtheoperationof
the rechargeable lithium air battery was essential and that only by acquiring such
knowledge would it be possible to address the barriers preventing commercial
realization of lithium air. The contributors to this book are actively engaged in
researchatthecuttingedgeoflithiumairbatteriesandfocusonunderstandingthe
processes taking place in the cell and overcoming the hurdles found therein. The
roleofelectrolyteandelectrodestabilityisdiscussed,asarethemechanismsofthe
electrodereactionsandthemorphologiesoftheproducts.Theuseofsolidelectro-
lytes,protectedlithiumanodes,andtheissuesofairhandlingatthecathodeareall
examined. The state of development in the field encouraged us that this was an
appropriate time for this book. Although progress has been significant, much still
remains to be done to explore the science behind the lithium air battery so that
informed and evidence-based decisions can be made concerning the ultimate
viabilityofthistechnology.
Tsu,Japan NobuyukiImanishi
CA,USA AlanC.Luntz
St.Andrews,UK PeterBruce
November2013
Contents
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
OsamuYamamoto
2 NonaqueousElectrolytes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
StefanA.Freunberger,YuhuiChen,FannyBarde´,
KensukeTakechi,FuminoriMizuno,andPeterG.Bruce
3 CathodeElectrochemistryinNonaqueous
LithiumAirBatteries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
A.C.Luntz,B.D.McCloskey,S.Gowda,
H.Horn,andV.Viswanathan
4 TheKineticsandProductCharacteristicsofOxygen
ReductionandEvolutioninLiO Batteries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
2
BetarM.Gallant,Yi-ChunLu,RobertR.Mitchell,
DavidG.Kwabi,ThomasJ.Carney,CarlV.Thompson,
andYangShao-Horn
5 AtomisticandFirstPrinciples:Computational
StudiesofLiO Batteries. . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . 159
2
KahChunLau,LarryA.Curtiss,MariaK.Y.Chan,
andJeffreyP.Greeley
6 LithiumAirBatteriesBasedonProtected
LithiumElectrodes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
StevenJ.Visco,VitaliyNimon,AlexeiPetrov,KirillPridatko,
NikolayGoncharenko,EugeneNimon,LutgardDeJonghe,
MaryHendrickson,andEdwardPlichta
7 AirElectrodesforAqueousLithiumAirBatteries. . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
PhilippeStevensandGwenae¨lleToussaint
8 SolidElectrolytesforAqueousLithiumAirBatteries. . . . . . . . . . . 215
NobuyukiImanishi
vii
viii Contents
9 ASolid-State,RechargeableLithiumOxygenBattery. . . . . . . . . . 235
B.KumarandJ.Kumar
10 PrimaryLithiumAirBatteries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
Ji-GuangZhang,JieXiao,andWuXu
11 OverviewofLiO BatterySystems,withaFocus
2
onOxygenHandlingRequirementsandTechnologies. . . . . . . . . . 291
PaulAlbertus,TimmLohmann,andJakeChristensen
Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
Contributors
PaulAlbertus BoschResearchandTechnologyCenter,PaloAlto,CA,USA
FannyBarde´ AdvancedTechnology1,ToyotaMotorEuropeNV/SA,Zaventem,
Belgium
Peter G. Bruce School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews,
Fife,UK
Thomas J. Carney Department of Materials Science and Engineering,
MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology,Cambridge,MA,USA
MariaK.Y.Chan CenterforNanoscaleMaterials,ArgonneNationalLaboratory,
Lemont,IL,USA
Yuhui Chen School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews,
Fife,UK
JakeChristensen BoschResearchandTechnologyCenter,PaloAlto,CA,USA
Larry A. Curtiss Material Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory,
Lemont,IL,USA
CenterforNanoscaleMaterials,ArgonneNationalLaboratory,Lemont,IL,USA
Stefan A. Freunberger Christian Doppler Laboratory for Lithium Batteries,
Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of
Technology,Graz,Austria
Betar M. Gallant Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts
InstituteofTechnology,Cambridge,MA,USA
NikolayGoncharenko PolyPlusBatteryCompany,Berkeley,CA,USA
S.Gowda IBMResearch,AlmadenResearchCenter,SanJose,CA,USA
Jeffrey P. Greeley School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University,
WestLafayette,IN,USA
ix
