Table Of ContentTHE LIBYAN REVOLUTION AND ITS AFTERMATH
PETER COLE
(Lead Editor)
BRIAN MCQUINN
(Editor)
The Libyan Revolution
and its Aftermath
A
A
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available
Cole, Peter and McQuinn, Brian.
The Libyan Revolution and its Aftermath
ISBN 978-0-19-021096-0
Printed in India on acid-free paper
CONTENTS
Note on Transliteration vii
List of Acronyms xi
About the Contributors xiii
Introduction Peter Cole and Brian McQuinn 1
PART 1
THE REVOLUTION AND ITS GOVERNANCE
1. Libya’s Uncertain Revolution Dirk Vandewalle 17
2. The Corridor of Uncertainty: The National Transitional
Council’s Battle for Legitimacy and Recognition
Peter Bartu 31
3. The Fall of Tripoli: Part 1 Peter Cole with Umar Khan 55
4. The Fall of Tripoli: Part 2 Peter Cole with Umar Khan 81
5. NATO’s Intervention Frederic Wehrey 105
6. The United Nations’ Role in the First Year of the Transition
Ian Martin 127
7. Confronting Qadhafi’s Legacy: Transitional Justice in Libya
Marieke Wierda 153
PART 2
SUB-NATIONAL IDENTITIES AND NARRATIVES
8. Finding Their Place: Libya’s Islamists During and After the
Revolution Mary Fitzgerald 177
v
CONTENTS
9. Barqa Reborn? Eastern Regionalism and Libya’s Political
Transition Sean Kane 205
10. History’s Warriors: The Emergence of Revolutionary
Battalions in Misrata Brian McQuinn 229
11. Factionalism Resurgent: The War in the Jabal Nafusa
Wolfram Lacher and Ahmed Labnouj 257
12. Bani Walid: Loyalism in a Time of Revolution Peter Cole 285
13. Libya’s Tebu: Living in the Margins Rebecca Murray 303
14. Tuareg Militancy and the Sahelian Shockwaves of the
Libyan Revolution Yvan Guichaoua 321
Notes 337
Index 389
vi
NOTE ON TRANSLITERATION
This volume employs the transliteration system used by the International
Journal of Middle Eastern Studies (IJMES) (available online at: http://
ijmes.ws.gc.cuny.edu/authorresources/#transliteration).
Some simplifications have been made to promote readability and a
clean text. Long vowels—alif, yaa’, and waw (ا ي و) are rendered with
‘a’, ‘i’ or ‘u’, and not with the macron as in IJMES. Thus يفاذق is ren-
dered ‘Qadhafi’. Similarly the consonants saad and taal (ص ط) are ren-
dered as ‘s’ and ‘t’ respectively; daad (ض) as ‘d’, and dhaal (ظ) as dh
without macron. The yaa preceded by a hamza يـَ is transliterated ‘ai’:
thus خيش is rendered shaikh, not sheikh. Ain ع and hamza أ are trans-
literated with’, but dropped entirely when appearing as the first letter.
Thus يرابوأ is Awbari, not ’Awbari. Letters with the shadda are doubled;
thus جاحلب is ‘Bilhajj’, not ‘Bilhaj’ or ‘Belhaj’.
The definite article لا is transliterated lower case ‘al’, and attached to
the word it governs by hyphen (‘Saif al-Islam’). For readability, ‘moon’
letters, (which elide the lam with the first consonant of the next word),
are not rendered; thus سمشلا (‘the sun’) is written al-shams, not
ash-shams; the name نامحرلا دبع is written Abd al-Rahman, not Abd
ar-Rahman.
Names are written in full on first usage (Abd al-Fattah Yunis) and
subsequently with reference to their last name (‘Yunis’). For last names
employing ‘al-’, the name is spelt in full on first usage (Mu’ammar al-
Qadhafi) but references to the last name drop the ‘al’ (‘Qadhafi’). The
definite article is also dropped for place names; al-Iraq is rendered
‘Iraq’, al-Khums as ‘Khums’. Names employing ‘Abd al-’, however,
always include that phrase for religious reasons. Thus ليللجا دبع ىفطصم
vii
NOTE ON TRANSLITERATION
is rendered Mustafa Abd al-Jalil and subsequently ‘Abd al-Jalil’. The
name للها دبع is written as Abdullah, not Abdallah or Abd Allah.
Libyan Dialects and Other Exceptions
The standard IJMES ‘exceptions’ list is used for Arabic names in
English that when rendered formally would be hard to recognise; for
example, رصانلا دبع لامج is written Gamal Abdel Nasser, not Jamal Abd
al-Nasir. For similar reasons, يزاغنب is written ‘Benghazi’ not ‘Binghazi’.
Place names that are completely different in English and Arabic use the
English variant; سلبارط is written Tripoli, not ‘Tarablus’, ةرهاقلا Cairo,
not ‘al-Qahira’, and ايبيل ‘Libya’, not ‘Libia’.
Libyan dialects sometimes elide the first two consonants or radicals
in a word, and occasionally transliteration reflects this. For example,
we have chosen to render ميلس وبأ as Abu Slim, not Abu Salim. Likewise
some Libyan dialects elide the initial mim م in a word with the follow-
ing radical, particularly in names, and sometimes render this with an
initial alef, reflected here with an initial ‘I’. Thus دمّ حما is transliterated
‘Imhammad’, مخضما is Imdakhum and فيرغم دمحم, is rendered
Imhammad Imgharyif.
Tuareg and non-Arabised Tebu and Amazigh names, reflecting both
a different language and sometimes the French phonetic system, have
been transliterated according to authors’ own systems.
Frequently Used Terminology1
Revolution/Civil War
The book adopts the term ‘revolution’ to refer to the events of
15 February 2011–23 October 2011 in Libya, which Libyans named
the ‘17 February Revolution’. This recognises that these events ended
not only Mu’ammar al-Qadhafi’s rule, but his conception of Libya as
a decentralised ‘state of the masses’ (jamahiriyya) and the institutions
he invented to administer and enforce that order, such as the General
People’s Congress, Revolutionary Committees, Popular Social Leader-
ship Committees, and many others. It also follows the definition of
‘revolution’ employed by historian Charles Tilly.2 Some contributors
employ the term ‘civil war’ to describe the fighting that took place over
this period; here, the formulation devised by Kalyvas3 of ‘armed com-
bat within the boundaries of a recognised sovereign entity between
viii
