Table Of ContentTHE LIBERAL VIRUS
PermaneWanrta ntdhA em ericaontfih Wzeoar tlido n
byS AMIRA MIN
Translatebdy J AME SH • M EMB REZ
MONTHLY REIVEWP RESS
New York
Copyrhit©g2004MONTHLRYE VIEWP RESS
Alln ghtrse served
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MONTHYL REVIEPWR ESS
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NewY orNkY, 10001
www .monthlyreview.org
PrinitneC da nada
Contents
Introduction 7
TheL ibeVrails ioofSn ociety 9
TheI deoloagincdPa alr a-TheoFroeutnidcaatlo ifo nLsi berali13s m
TheC onsequenRceeasl:l y-ExGilsotbianlgLi izbeedr alism 29
TheO rigionfLs i beralism 53
TheC halleonfgLe i beraTloidsamy 87
Notes 113
Works Referretdo i nt hTeex t 115
1%rks tbylt Aeu thor 117
Index 119
Introduction
TOWARDST HEE NDO FT HET WENTIECTEHN TUYR as ickness
struthcekw orlNdo.te verydoineed ,al lbs uutff erfreodmi tT.h e
virwuhsi ccha ustehde epiwdaesmc iacl ltehd"e l ibevriarlu s."
This vmiardueis t asp pearaanrcoeu ntdhs ei xtecenetnht ury
withtihnte r iandglees cribbeyPd a ris-London-AmTshtee rdam.
symptomtsh atth dei setahseemn a nifeasptpeeda hraerdm less.
Men( whotmh vei rsutsr uicnpk r eferetnocw eo menn)o otn ly
became accutsoit aton mdde edv elotphenede cessaanrtyib odies,
butw eraeb lteob eneffirto tmh ien creaesneedrt ghyai tet l icited.
Butt hvei srt uravealcerdot shsAe tl antaincdfo unda fa vorable
plaacmeo ntgh osweh od,e priovfea dn tibosdpireesia,tdA . sa
resutlhtme,al adtyo ookn e xtrefomrmes .
Thev irruesa ppeianr eEdu rtoopwea rthdese ndo ft htew enti
etche nt,ur reyturnfirnoAmgm eriwchae rieht a dm utatNeodw.
strengthiectna emdte,o d estrago rye nautm beorft haen tibodies
thatth Eeu ropehaandsd eveloopveedtr h ceo urosfet hteh ree
precedcienngt urIitpe rso.v okaened p idemthiacwt o ulhda ve
beefant atlot he humainif ht ra adnc oebt e efonr t he mroosbtu st
oft hien habitoafnt thsoe l cdo untwrhioes su rvitvheeedp idemic
andfi nallwye raeb lteoe radithcead ties ease.
8 THE LIBERAVLIR US
Thev ircuasu saemdo nigt vsi ctaic musr iosucsh izophrenia.
Humannso l ongleirv aesdw holbee inogrsg,a nitzhienmgs elves
top roduwchea itsn ecesstaosr ayt itshfeyni ere d(sw hatth e
learnehda vcea ll"eedc onolmiifeca" n)d s imultandeeovueslloyp
intgh ien stitutthireou nlsea,sn ,dt hceu stotmhsae tn abtlhee tmo
devel(owph atth esa mel earnpeedo phlaev cea ll"epdo litical
lifec"o)n,s citohuatsth tew oa specotfss o cilailfe ianrseer paable.
homooe conomicus,
Hencefortthhel,yi vseodm etiamse s abandon
intgo " thmea rketth"re e sponsitbori elgiutltyah tee"ir e conomic
lifaeu"t omatiacnadsl olmye,t iamse" sc itizdeenpso,s"i itnib nagl
lobto xethse icrh oicfoerts h osweh ow ould have the responsibili
tyt oe stabtlhiresu hl oefst hgea mfoer t he"ipro liltfiiec.a"l
The croifts heeesn do ft htew enticeetnht uarnyd tbheeg in
ninogft htew enty-cfiernsttun royw,h appialnydd efinitilveeflty
behinwde,ra er ticulatethde c aornofuusnidao nndsi m paspsreos
vokebdyth iss chizophRreeanisao.n -ttrhuoeen en,o tth Amee ri
cano ne-finaclaluys iettd o d isappEevaerr.y osnuer viEvuerdo,
peanAss,i anAsfr,i caAnmse,r icaannsde, v eTne xansw,h oh ave
muchc hangseidn acned b ecomheu mabne inlgiskth eeo thers.
Ih avceh ostehni hsa ppeyn dinngo,tt hrousgohm ien corrigi
bloep timibsumbt, e cauisnte h oet her hypothesisn ot here would
longbeera nyonleet fotw rithei stoIrnty h.av te rsion, Fukuyaina
wasr igth:l iberatlriusalmny n ounctehdee ndo fh ist.oA rlyolf
humanipteyr isihnet dh eh olocaTuhsetl .a sstu rvivtohrTese ,x
answ,e re orgianntiowz aeand d erbianngad n dt heinm molaitne d
turonn,t heo rdeorfst hech ioefft hesierc wth,o mt hehya d
belietvobe eda c harismfiagtuirHcee .t oo wnaasme Bdu sh.
Ii magitnheat th eh istoofro yu re pocwhil lb ew rittseonm e
whaitn t hestee rmIsn.a ny ciatsi esi, nt hes amtee rmtsh aIt
herper opotsoae n alytzhee scer ises.
1 The" LiberVails"i oonfS ociety
THE GENERA L I Eo As whicgho vetrhned ominalnitb eral
visiooftn h weo rladr e simple baesn udm mmaaryi iznte hde
followtienrgm s:
Socieaffelc teinevsiss e quatbeyld i rbaelwsi tehc onomic
efficienwchyi cihnt, u rinsc, o nfoundwiethd t hfien ancpiraolfi t
abiliotyfc apiTtalh.e sree ducteixopnrset shdseo minaonfct eh e
economaid co,m inacnhcaer actoefcri asptici talisTmh.ea trophied
socitahlo ugdhetr ifrveodmt hidso minains"c eec onomiisntt hiec "
extreCmuer.i loyuth,si sr eprowarcohn,g dliyr ecattMe adrx isimn,
factc haractcearpiiztalelisis bte ralism.
Thed evelopomfte hngete neralmiazrekd(e tthl ee arsetg ulated
possiabnldeo )fd emocraarcdeye creteobd e c omplementtoa ry
onea nothTehreq. u estoifoc no nflibcett weseonc iianlt erests
whicha reexp resstehdr outghhei inrt ervenitinto hnmesa rkaentd
sociiantle rewshtisc ghi vmee anianngdi mpotrotp olitical
democrisan coyet v epno seEdc.o nomaincdsp olidtiocn so fotrm
twod imensoiofsn osc iraela leiatcyhh,a vitnhge oiwrn a utonomy,
operatinia nd gi alectrieclaalt iocnasphiitalpei;cs otn omiinfac cst
govertnhspeo litiwchaols,ce r eatpiovtee nitetil ailm inates.
Apparleynt,th e m"odsetv elocpoeudn",t t rhye ionnwe h ich
thpeo litiisac catlu aclolnyc eiavnedpd r actiecnetdi rientl hye
9
10 T H EL IBERALV IRU S
exclusseirvveoi fct ehee c ono(moycf a piitnafa lc,t )-obviously
the UnSittaetde sh-eiltsdo b et hbee smto defolr " allI.t"is n sti
tutiaonndps r acticesb eis mhiotualbtdyale ldt howsheo h opteo
bec ontemaprowyri tthh weo rlsdc ene.
Theriesn oa lterntaot itvphere o posmeodd ewlh,i cihs
foundoende conomipsotsitcu ltahtieed se,n toiftt hyme a rket
andd emocraacnydt, h seu bsumpotfit ohnpe o litbiytc haeelc o
nomiTch.e s ociaolpitsito n attientm hpSeto evdiU enti oann d
Chindae monstrtahtaiettwd a sb otihn efficiienen cto nomic
teranmds a ntidermaoticintc h peo liticals phere.
Ino thewro rdtsh,pe r oposifotrimounlsa ted abtohvee have
virtoufbe e ing "ettreurnt(ahthlse t" r utohf"sR easorne"v)e ablye d
thuen foldoifcn ogn tempohriasrtyTo hrye.it rr iumipsah s sured,
particuslianrceld yi tshaeep apranocfte h ael tern"astoicviea list"
experimWeenwil tls .alt lr uani.vel,y ash abse esna iadtt, h een do f
histoHriys.t orRiecaasloh na st riumpThheidts.r iummpeha ns
thetnh awtel iinv et he boefals lpt o ssiwbolrled ast,l eapsott ential
lyi,nt hsee ntshea itwilt l bes ow henit fosu ndiindge aarsae c cept
ed bye veryaonndpe u itn tpor actiecvee rywhAleltr hede.e fects of
today's arredealu ieot nylt yot hfaec tt hathte seet erpnrailn ciples
ofR easaonrn eo yt eptu itn tpor actiintc hese o cietthiasetus ff er
fromt hedseefi cienpcairetsi,c tuhloainsr elth yeg lobSaolu th.
Theh egemonoifst mh Uen itSetda taen so,r meaxlp ression
ofi tasv ant-gpaorsdieti inuo sni nRge as(oinn evitlaibbleyri asl ),
thus buontahv oidaanbdfl aev oratbotl heep rogroefst sh e
wholoefh umaniTthye.ri esn o"A mericiamnp erialoinslamy , "
nobllee ader(s"bheinpi gonrp" a inlaessl si,b eArmaelr ican
intelleqcutaulialitsfy) .
Thes"ei deaasr"ce e nttroat lh lei bevriasli Ionnfa .ct a,sw e
will isnwe hea fotl lowtsh,e sied eaarsne o thibnugtn onsense,
T H E" L I B EARL" V I S I OONF S O C ITEY ll
foundeodn a p ara-science-psuore-ecc oanlolmeidc sa-na nd
accompaniydienogl ogy-opdoesmtimsm.
"Pureec"o nomiisnc osat t heoorfty h ree awlo rlodf,r eally
existincga pitabluiotsf am n,i maginary cIatip sni otetav leians m.
rigortohueso orfty h lea ttTehreb. a seasn dd evelopomfet nhte
argumednotn so td esertvobe eq ualiafisec do herIetnit so. ny la
para-sccileonscieenfar, c tt os orctehraytn ot hnea tusrcaile nces
whicihtp retetnodi sm itAastfo er.p ostmodsemri,not in lfoyr ms
ana ccompandyiisncgo ucraslelu,ip nogun s t oa cotn lwyi thtihne
limoiftt shl ei besryals tteo"m a,d jutsoit t".
Ther econstroufca ct iitoinpz oelni tdiecmsa ntdhsa mto ve
mentosfr esistparnocteae,ns dst t rugagglaeith nesr te aelf feocft s
thiem plementoaftt hiisosyn s tbeemfr eefrdo mt he livbierruasl.
Description:Samir Amin's ambitious new book argues that the ongoing American project to dominate the world through military force has its roots in European liberalism, but has developed certain features of liberal ideology in a new and uniquely dangerous way. Where European political culture since the French Re