The LaTeX companion

1121 Pages·2004·9.13 MB·English

by  Mittelbach F.

a
The L T X Companion
E
Second Edition
Addison-Wesley Series on
Tools and Techniques for Computer Typesetting
Thisseriesfocusesontoolsandtechniquesneededforcomputertypesettingandinforma-
tionprocessingwithtraditionalandnewmedia.Booksintheseriesaddressthepractical
needs of both users and system developers. Initial titles comprise handy references for
LaTEXusers;forthcomingworkswillexpandthatcore.Ultimately,theserieswillcoverother
typesettingandinformationprocessingsystems,aswell,especiallyinsofarasthosesys-
tems offer unique value to the scientific and technical community. The series goal is to
enhanceyourabilitytoproduce,maintain,manipulate,orreusearticles,papers,reports,
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Ideasforthisseriesshouldbedirectedtotheeditor:[email protected].
Sendallothercommentstothepublisher:[email protected].
SeriesEditor
FrankMittelbach
ManagerLATEX3Project,Germany
EditorialBoard
JacquesAndré TimBray ChrisRowley
Irisa/Inria-Rennes,France TextualityServices,Canada OpenUniversity,UK
BarbaraBeeton PeterFlynn RichardRubinstein
Editor,TUGboat,USA UniversityCollege,Cork, HumanFactors
DavidBrailsford Ireland International,USA
UniversityofNottingham, LeslieLamport PaulStiff
UK CreatorofLATEX,USA UniversityofReading,UK
SeriesTitles
GuidetoLATEX,FourthEdition,byHelmutKopkaandPatrickW.Daly
TheLATEXCompanion,SecondEdition,byFrankMittelbachandMichelGoossens
withJohannesBraams,DavidCarlisle,andChrisRowley
TheLATEXGraphicsCompanion,byMichelGoossens,SebastianRahtz,andFrankMittelbach
TheLATEXWebCompanion,byMichelGoossensandSebastianRahtz
AlsofromAddison-Wesley:
LATEX:ADocumentPreparationSystem,SecondEdition,byLeslieLamport
TheUnicodeStandard,Version4.0,bytheUnicodeConsortium
a
The L T X Companion
E
Second Edition
Frank Mittelbach
LATEX3Project,Mainz,Germany
Michel Goossens
CERN,Geneva,Switzerland
with Johannes Braams, David Carlisle,
and Chris Rowley
and contributions by
Christine Detig and Joachim Schrod
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Mittelbach, Frank.
The LaTeX Companion.– 2nd ed. / Frank Mittelbach and Michel Goossens,
with Johannes Braams, David Carlisle, and Chris Rowley.
p. cm.
Goossens’ name appears first on the earlier edition.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-201-36299-6 (pbk. : alk. paper)
1. LaTeX (Computer file) 2. Computerized typesetting. I. Goossens,
Michel. II. Rowley, Chris, 1948- III. Title.
Z253.4.L38G66 2004
686.2’2544536–dc22 2003070810
Copyright©2004byPearsonEducation,Inc.
Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrieval
system,ortransmitted,inanyform,orbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,
photocopying,recording,orotherwise,withoutthepriorconsentofthepublisher.
Theforegoingnotwithstanding,theexamplescontainedinthisbook,andincludedonthe
accompanyingCD-ROM,aremadeavailableundertheLaTEXProjectPublicLicense(for
informationontheLPPL,seewww.latex-project.org/lppl).
Forinformationonobtainingpermissionforuseofmaterialfromthiswork,please
submitawrittenrequestto:
PearsonEducation,Inc.
RightsandContractsDepartment
75ArlingtonStreet,Suite300
Boston,MA02116
Fax:[phone]
ISBN0-201-36299-6
TextprintedintheUnitedStatesonrecycledpaperatCourierinWestfordMassachusetts.
Fourthprinting(withcorrections),September2005
WededicatethisbooktothememoryofMichaelDownes(1958–2003),
agreatfriendandwonderfulcolleagueontheLaTEXTeam.
Histhoughtfulcontributionstoourworkandourlivesarediverse
andprofound.Moreover,hebrightensthelivesofcountlessgrateful
(LA)TEXusersthroughthewisdombuiltintohissupportforall
aspectsofmathematicaltypesetting—verymanymasterpiecesofthe
publishingart willstandforeverassuperbmemorialstohisquiet
butdeepinsights.
This page intentionally left blank
Contents
ListofFigures xix
ListofTables xxi
Preface xxv
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Abriefhistory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Today’ssystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.3 Workingwiththisbook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.3.1 What’shere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.3.2 Typographicconventions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.3.3 Usingtheexamples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2 TheStructureofaLATEXDocument 15
2.1 Thestructureofasourcefile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.1.1 Processingofoptionsandpackages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.1.2 Splittingthesourcefileintoparts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.1.3 Combiningseveralfiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.1.4 optional—Providingvariantsinthedocumentsource . . . 21
2.2 Sectioningcommands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.2.1 Numberingheadings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.2.2 Formattingheadings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.2.3 Changingfixedheadingtexts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.2.4 fncychap—Predefinedchapterheadinglayouts . . . . . . . 34
2.2.5 quotchap—Mottosonchapters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.2.6 titlesec—Adifferentapproachtoheadings . . . . . . . . . . 36
viii Contents
2.3 Tableofcontentsstructures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
2.3.1 Enteringinformationintothecontentsfiles . . . . . . . . . 46
2.3.2 Typesettingacontentslist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
2.3.3 Combiningcontentslists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
2.3.4 Providingadditionalcontentsfiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
2.3.5 shorttoc—Summarytableofcontents . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
2.3.6 minitoc—Multipletablesofcontents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
2.3.7 titletoc—Adifferentapproachtocontentslists . . . . . . . 58
2.4 Managingreferences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
2.4.1 showkeys—Displayingthereferencekeys . . . . . . . . . . 68
2.4.2 varioref—Moreflexiblecross-references. . . . . . . . . . . . 68
2.4.3 prettyref—Addingfrillstoreferences . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
2.4.4 titleref—Non-numericalreferences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
2.4.5 hyperref—Activereferences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
2.4.6 xr—Referencestoexternaldocuments . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
3 BasicFormattingTools 79
3.1 Phrasesandparagraphs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
3.1.1 xspace—Gentlespacingafteramacro . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
3.1.2 ellipsis,lips—Marksofomission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
3.1.3 amsmath—Nonbreakingdashes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
3.1.4 relsize—Relativechangestothefontsize . . . . . . . . . . 83
3.1.5 textcase—Changecaseoftextintelligently . . . . . . . . . . 85
3.1.6 ulem—Emphasizeviaunderline. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
3.1.7 soul—Letterspacingorstealingsheep . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
3.1.8 url—TypesettingURLs,pathnames,andthelike . . . . . . 93
3.1.9 euro—Convertingandtypesettingcurrencies . . . . . . . . 96
3.1.10 lettrine—Droppingyourcapital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
3.1.11 ParagraphjustificationinLaTEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
3.1.12 ragged2e—Enhancingjustification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
3.1.13 setspace—Changinginterlinespacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
3.1.14 picinpar—Makingrectangularholes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
3.2 Footnotes,endnotes,andmarginals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
3.2.1 Usingstandardfootnotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
3.2.2 Customizingstandardfootnotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
3.2.3 ftnright—Rightfootnotesinatwo-columnenvironment. . 114
3.2.4 footmisc—Variousfootnotesstyles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
3.2.5 perpage—Resettingcountersona“per-page”basis . . . . 120
3.2.6 manyfoot—Independentfootnotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
3.2.7 endnotes—Analternativetofootnotes . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
3.2.8 Marginalnotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
3.3 Liststructures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
3.3.1 Modifyingthestandardlists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
3.3.2 paralist—Extendedlistenvironments . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Contents ix
3.3.3 amsthm—Providingheadedlists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
3.3.4 Makingyourownlists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
3.4 Simulatingtypedtext . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
3.4.1 Simpleverbatimextensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
3.4.2 upquote—Computerprogramstylequoting . . . . . . . . . 153
3.4.3 fancyvrb—Highlycustomizableverbatimenvironments . . 155
3.4.4 listings—Pretty-printingprogramcode . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
3.5 Linesandcolumns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
3.5.1 lineno—Numberinglinesoftext . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
3.5.2 parallel—Twotextstreamsaligned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
3.5.3 multicol—Aflexiblewaytohandlemultiplecolumns . . . 184
3.5.4 changebar—Addingrevisionbarstodocuments . . . . . . 189
4 TheLayoutofthePage 193
4.1 Geometricaldimensionsofthelayout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
4.2 Changingthelayout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
4.2.1 layouts—Displayingyourlayout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
4.2.2 Acollectionofpagelayoutpackages . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
4.2.3 typearea—Atraditionalapproach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
4.2.4 geometry—Layoutspecificationwithauto-completion. . . 206
4.2.5 lscape—Typesettingindividualpagesinlandscapemode . 211
4.2.6 crop—Producingtrimmingmarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
4.3 Dynamicpagedata:pagenumbersandmarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
4.3.1 LaTEXpagenumbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
4.3.2 lastpage—Awaytoreferenceit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
4.3.3 chappg—Pagenumbersbychapters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
4.3.4 LaTEXmarkcommands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
4.3.5 extramarks—Providingnewmarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
4.4 Pagestyles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
4.4.1 Thelow-levelpagestyleinterface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
4.4.2 fancyhdr—Customizingpagestyles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
4.4.3 truncate—Truncatetexttoagivenlength. . . . . . . . . . . 232
4.5 Visualformatting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
4.5.1 nextpage—Extensionsto\clearpage . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
4.6 Doinglayoutwithclass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
4.6.1 KOMA-Script—Adrop-inreplacementforarticleetal.. . . 236
4.6.2 memoir—Producingcomplexpublications . . . . . . . . . . 237
5 TabularMaterial 239
5.1 StandardLaTEXenvironments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
5.1.1 Usingthetabbingenvironment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
5.1.2 Usingthetabularenvironment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
5.2 array—Extendingthetabularenvironments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
5.2.1 Examplesofpreamblecommands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244