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Linzer biol. Beitr. 32/1 259-263 31.5.2000
The larva of Synthemiopsis gomphomacromioides TlLLYARD
(Odonata: Synthemistidae)
G. THEISCHINGER
Abstract: The larva of Synthemiopsis gomphomacromioides TlLLYARD is
described, illustrated and compared with'the larvae of the other Tasmanian synthemistid
species and with all other Australian synthemistid genera.
Key words: Synthemiopsis gomphomacromioides, larva (description).
Introduction
TlLLYARD (1917) described adult Synthemiopsis gomphomacromioides and commented on
the morphology of the larva based on a larval skin found close to a freshly emerged indivi-
dual and another larval skin of an individual found transforming.
ALLBROOK (1979) used TILLYARD'S (1917) brief description for keying out the three syn-
themistid species known from Tasmania, mentioning that since TILLYARD (1917) no
nymphs of S. gomphomacromioides had been positively identified.
Studying Australian Gomphomacromiinae (THEISCHINGER & WATSON 1978) and their
larvae (THEISCHINGER & WATSON 1982) I became quite interested in the larva of
Synthemiopsis but found that TILLYARD'S larval material was no longer available (T.
WATSON, pers. comm.; D. GOODGER, recent confirmation).
CARLE (1995) erected the tribe Synthemiopsini, and did not mention and apparently also
did not have the larva of Synthemiopsis.
In 1994 I decidea to spend a holiday in Tasmania and to search for the larva of
Synthemiopsis. Right at the start these attempts lead to a heavy fall in a rocky and slippery
situation resulting in fractured ribs. However, with my wife's help I continued the search in
an area where I had observed a freshly emerged female of Synthemiopsis gomphomacromioides
and in another place where adults of the species were not uncommon. Finally a female
synthemistid exuviae and several larvae were collected. The excitement, however, only
lasted until at home - using the then available literature - this material was identified as
Synthemis (now Archaeosynthemis) macrostigma orientalis TlLLYARD.
Analysing the Eusynthemis guttata group of species (THEISCHINGER 1995, 1998) I disco-
vered that larvae of Eusynthemis guttata SELYS and what we still call Archaeosynthemis
macrostigma orientalis (TlLLYARD) had been mixed up by most previous workers
(including HAWKING 1986) and I found characters to clearly separate Eusynthemis and
Archaeosynthemis larvae (presented in HAWXING & THEISCHINGER 1999).
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Early in 1999, L. Müller and I had another go at the "Tasmanian holiday synthemistid
larvae" and compared them with "Archaeosynthemis macrostigma orientalis" from the
mainland. That day we ended up no longer sure that my initial identification was correct.
Subsequent detailed study in October 1999 finally convinced me that the "Tasmanian
holiday synthemistid larvae" are in fact of the genus Synthemiopsis and that ribs were not
broken in vain. It also became rather obvious that TILLYARD'S (1917) description of the
Synthemiopsis larvae results from a confusion, possibly with Synthemis tasmanica
TILL YARD, and that accordingly ALLBROOK'S (1979) key cannot work for the separation of
Synthemiopsis and Synthemis tasmanica larvae. This and the fact that the larvae of
Synthemiopsis will be of significance in future phylogenetic studies triggered the present
paper.
Description
Synthemiopsis gomphomacromioides TILL YARD
Synthemiopsis gomphomacromioides TlLLYARD 1917: 464; FRÄSER 1960: 42; WATSON et al. 1991:
228.
Larva (Figs 1-7)
D i m e n s i o n s: Total length approximately 22 mm; width of head across eyes 4.9-
5.1 mm; length of prementum 3.7-4.0 mm, width at distal end 4.0-4.2 mm, width at base
1.1 mm; length of metafemur 4.7-4.9 mm; length of abdomen approximately 14.3 mm;
greatest width 5.9-6.2 mm.
Colouration: brown.
Morphology: Prementum not widening abruptly from base; ligula with median lobe
very large but not clearly defined; generally 5 primary premental setae and 4-5 secondary
setae; labial palps with 4/5 dentations including a very small one next to the movable hook
and generally 5 larger palpal setae; frontal plate not strongly developed, reaching to end of
pedicels, with rather sparse setae or long hairs along margins; eyes strongly protruding
laterally and dorsally; no fringes of hair along posterior eye margins; postocular lobes
simply rounded, not differentiated. Pronotal lobes well rounded, with long prominent setae.
Abdominal terga with sparse setae and rather sparse long thin hairs along posterior mar-
gins; no dorsal or lateral processes; epiproct with base wide and apex sharply pointed, V*
length of rather stout but acutely pointed paraprocts; cerci approximately 1/3 length of
paraprocts.
Material examined: 1 final instar female exuviae, Tasmania, near Mt Darwin, West
Coast Range, 12-23.2.1994, G. and C. Theischinger; 2 final instar female larvae and 2 smaller
larvae, Tasmania, Mt Field, 21.2.1994, G. and C. Theischinger (all in Collection G. Theischinger).
Discussion
It should be stressed that the identification of the Synthemiopsis larvae described in this
paper has not been confirmed by breeding out. The finding of a female exuviae close to the
place where a freshly emerged female had been collected and the collecting of larvae at a
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261
locality where adults were abundant is not more convincing than TILL YARD'S (1917)
association of Synthemiopsis adults and exuviae. However, TILL YARD who had done a
magnificent job with larval diagnoses in his Synthemis monograph earlier (TILLYARD 1910)
described the exuviae of Synthemiopsis as closely similar to those of Synthemis tasmanica
but of more slender build, with more prominent eyes and a more projecting frontal shelf.
TILLYARD also stated that the whole larva strongly resembles that of a Cordulegaster and
that the teeth of the lateral lobes of the labium are of about the same size and number as in
Synthemis eustalacta. All this could indicate that TILLYARD had only exuviae of Synthemis
tasmanica that look more slender than the larvae described above as Synthemiopsis and
which would more resemble Cordulegaster.
The arguments for the correct identification of the Synthemiopsis material described in this
paper, besides local association are: Only three synthemistid species, Archaeosynthemis
macrostigma orientalis (TILLYARD), Synthemiopsis gomphomacromioides TILLYARD and
Synthemis tasmanica TILLYARD, are known from Tasmania (ALLBROOK 1979, WATSON et
al. 1991). The adults of both A. macrostigma orientalis and 5. tasmanica have long, slender
anal appendages which is reflected by their final instar larvae having long cerci and a slen-
der epiproct. The adults of Synthemiopsis gomphomacromioides on the other hand have
short, stouter anal appendages which is reflected in the larval material (final instar)
described above by short cerci and a stout epiproct. On top ofthat, the larvae I consider as
S. gomphomacromioides can be readily distinguished from all other Australian synthemistid
genera. They have setae or long hairs along the margins of the frontal plate as opposed to
scale like setal structures in Austrosynthemis CARLE, Choristhemis TILLYARD, Eusynthemis
FÖRSTER and Tonyosynthemis THEISCHINGER. They lack fringes of hair along the posterior
eye margin and have short cerci as opposed to the strong "eye brows" and long cerci of
Archaeosynthemis CARLE, Parasynthemis CARLE and Synthemis SELYS.
As the frontal lobe of the premental ligula and the palpal dentations of Synthemiopsis
larvae are distinctly larger than in any other Australian synthemistid genus (as known
before 2000), I consider it quite possible that ALLBROOK (1979) illustrated a labial palp of
and keyed out Synthemiopsis as Synthemis macrostigma orientalis.
Acknowledgements
I wish to thank my wife Christine for the help I needed when searching for Synthemiopsis larvae, Dr
S. Dunkle (USA) for critically reading the manuscript and Mr L. Müller (Berowra) for helpful com-
ments and discussions. Mr D. Goodger (London) is.thanked for information on the holdings of the
British Museum.
References
ALLBROOK P. (1979): Tasmanian Odonata. — Fauna of Tasmania Handbook No. 1. (University
of Tasmania, Fauna of Tasmania Committee: Hobart).
CARLE F. (1995): Evolution, taxonomy, and biogeography of ancient Gondwanian libelluloides,
with comments on anisopteroid evolution and phylogentic systematics (Anisoptera:
Libelluloidea). — Odonatologica 24: 383-424.
FRASER F.C. (1960): A handbook of the dragonflies of Australasia. With keys for the
identification of all species. — Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, Sydney.
© Biologiezentrum Linz/Austria; download unter www.biologiezentrum.at
262
HAWKING J. & G. THEISCHINGER (1999): Dragonfly Larvae (Odonata): A guide to the
identification of larvae of Australian families and to the identification and ecology of larvae
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(Odonata: Synthemistidae). — Linzer biol. Beitr. 27: 297-310.
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(Odonata: Synthemistidae) - Part 2. — Linzer biol. Beitr. 30: 147-153.
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Corduliidae). — Aust. J. Zool. 26: 399-431.
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their bearing on the status of the Synthemis group of genera (Odonata: Corduliidae). —
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TILL YARD R.J. (1910): Monograph of the genus Synthemis (Neuroptera: Odonata). — Proc.
Linn. Soc.N.S.W. 35:312-377.
TUXYARDR.J. (1917): On some new dragonflies from Australia and Tasmania (Order Odonata).
— Proc. Linn. Soc.N.S.W. 42: 450-479. . ..
WATSON J.A.L., THEISCHINGER G. & H.M. ABBEY (1991): The Australian Dragonflies. A Guide
to the Identification, Distribution and Habitats of Australian Odonata. 278 pp. CSIRO,
Canberra and Melbourne.
Address of the author: Günther THEISCHINGER,
2A Hammersley Road,
Grays Point, N.S.W., Australia 2232
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263
Figs 1-7. Synthemiopsis gomphomacromioides TlLLYARD, final instar larva (supposition): 1 - dorsal
aspect; 2 - prementum and labial palps, ventral aspect; 3 - labial palps, frontal aspect; 4 - frontal
plate, dorsal aspect; 5 - left eye and postocular lobe, dorsal aspect; 6 - left pronotal lobe, dorsal
aspect; 7 - anal pyramid, dorsal aspect.
