The Languages of Psyche: Mind and Body in Enlightenment Thought

492 Pages·1991·34.736 MB·

by  G. S. Rousseau (editor)

The Languages of Psyche
PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUSPICES OF THE
WILLIAM ANDREWS CLARK MEMORIAL LIBRARY
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES
Publications from the
CLARK LIBRARY PROFESSORSHIP, UCLA
1.
England in the Restoration and Early Eighteenth
Century: Essays on Culture and Society
Edited by H. T. Swedenberg, Jr.
2.
Illustrious Evidence: Approaches to English Literature
of the Early Seventeenth Century
Edited by Earl Miner
4.
English Literature in the Age of Disguise
Edited by Maximillian E. Novak
5.
Culture and Politics: From Puritanism to the Enlightenment
Edited by Perez Zagorin
6.
The Stage and the Page: London's "Whole Show"
in the Eighteenth-Century Theatre
Edited by Geo. Winchester Stone, Jr.
7.
England's Rise to Greatness, 1660-1763
Edited by Stephen B. Baxter
8.
The Uses of Science in the Age of Newton
Edited by John G. Burke
9.
Studies in Eighteenth-Century British Art and Aesthetics
Edited by Ralph Cohen
10.
The Golden & The Brazen World:
Papers in Literature and History, 1650-1800
Edited by John M. Wallace
11.
Background to Discovery: Pacific Exploration from Dampier to Cook
Edited by Derek Hoivse
12.
The Languages of Psyche: Mind and Body in Enlightenment Thought
Edited by G. S. Rousseau
The Languages
of Psyche
Mind and Body in
Enlightenment Thought
Clark Library Lectures 1985-1986
EDITED BY
G. S. Rousseau
Clark Library Professor, 1985-1986
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS
Berkeley Los Angeles Oxford
University of California Press
Berkeley and Los Angeles, California
University of California Press
Oxford, England
Copyright © 1990 by
The Regents of the University of California
Printed in the United States of America
123456789
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-
Publication Data
The Languages of psyche: mind and body in
Enlightenment thought: Clark Library lectures,
1985-1986 / edited by G. S. Rousseau,
p. cm.
ISBN 0—520-07044—5 (alk. paper).—
ISBN 0-520-07119-0 (pbk.: alk. paper)
1. Mind and body—History. 2. Enlighten-
ment. I. Rousseau. G. S. (George Sebastian)
II. Title: Clark Library lectures.
BF171.L32 1990
i28'.2'ogo33—dc20 90-34872
CIP
The paper used in this publication meets the minimum
requirements of American National Standard for
Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for
Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984 ft
For Norman Thrower,
Director of the Clark Library 1981-1987,
who can read this book,
and
the late Donald G. O'Malley,
who cannot.

CONTENTS
LIST OF PLATES / ix
PREFACE / xi
CONTRIBUTORS / XV
EPIGRAPHS / XVti
PART I • THEORIES OF MIND AND BODY
1. Introduction: Toward a Natural History of Mind and Body
G. S. Rousseau and Roy Porter / 3
2. Barely Touching: A Social Perspective on Mind and Body
Roy Porter / 45
3. Locke, Hume, and Modern Moral Theory: A Legacy of
Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century Philosophies of Mind
Philippa Foot / 81
PART II • MIND AND BODY IN PRACTICE: PHYSIOLOGY,
LITERATURE, MEDICINE
4. Thomas Willis and His Circle: Brain and Mind in
Seventeenth-Century Medicine
Robert G. Frank, Jr. / 107
5. Running Out of Matter: The Body Exercised in
Eighteenth-Century Fiction
Carol Houlihan Flynn /147
vii
Vlll CONTENTS
6. Of Masks and Mills: The Enlightened Doctor and His Frightened Patient
Antonie Luyendijk-Elshout /186
PART III • THE POLITICS OF MIND AND BODY: RADICAL
PRACTITIONERS AND REVOLUTIONARY DOCTORS
7. States of Mind: Enlightenment and Natural Philosophy
Simon Schaffet / 233
8. The Marquis de Sade and the Discourses of Pain: Literature
and Medicine at the Revolution
David B. Morris / 291
9. Mind and Body in the Clinic: Philippe Pinel, Alexander Crichton,
Dominique Esquirol, and the Birth of Psychiatry
Dora B. Weiner / 331
PART IV • THE JEWISH QUESTION
10. Medicine, Racism, Anti-Semitism: A Dimension of
Enlightenment Culture
Richard H. Popkin / 405
PART V • SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING
INDEX
LIST OF PLATES
1—5. Various plates from Joseph Guislain, Traité sur l'aliénation mentale et sur
les hospices des aliénés (Amsterdam, 1828). / 165
6—7. "Expressions of Fear by Actors," in J. Jelgershuis, Theoretische lessen
over gesticulatie en mimiek (Amsterdam, 1827). By kind permission of the
Rijksuniversiteits Bibliotheek, Leiden, the Netherlands. /193
8. German cartoon in the manner of Rowlandson, "The Pressure of an
Incubus" (ca. 1800), in the Museum Boerhaave, Leiden, the Netherlands. /199
9. A. W. M. C. Ver Huell (1822—1897), "Nightmare Showing Incubi," in A. Ver
Huell, Zijn er zoo? (Arnhem: P. Gouda Quint, 1852). 1200
10. Henry Fuseli, "Three Frightened Girls" (ca. 1780-1782), in the
Kunsthaus Zürich (Z. Inv. Nr. 1940/145). 1201
11. A. W. M. C. Ver Huell (1822-1897), "Fear of the Bed-Curtains," in
A. Ver Huell, Zijn er zoo? (Arnhem: P. Gouda Quint, 1852). / 204
12. Cartoon by T. Rowlandson, "Delirium with Fever" (1792). By kind
permission of the Collection Speyer, Leiden, the Netherlands. / 213
13. Cartoon by T. Rowlandson, "Delusion of Persecution" (1792). By kind
permission of the Collection Speyer, the Netherlands. / 223
14—15. Jeremy Bentham, "A General Idea of a Penitentiary
Panopticon" (1787). / 236
16. From René Descartes, De l'homme (1662). By kind permission of
Harvard University Press. / 295
ix
LIST OF PLATES
17. Portrait of Sir Alexander Crichton attributed to C. H. Harlow (no date).
By kind permission of the Wellcome Institute for the History of
Medicine, London. / 365
18. Title page of Sir Alexander Crichton's M.D. thesis, De vermibus
intestinorum (On the worms of the intestines). By kind permission of the
Rijksuniversiteits Bibliotheek, Leiden, the Netherlands. / 370
19. Advertisement on the front page of The Times (London) of
17 September 1794. By kind permission of the British Library, London. 1372
20. Title page of Johann Christoph Wagenseil's Benachrichtigungen wegen
einiger die Judenschafft angehenden wichtigen Sachen, Erster Theil... 7. Die
Hoffnung der Erlösung Israelis . . . (Leipzig, 1705). By kind permission of the
Herzog August Bibliothek, Wolfenbüttel, West Germany. / 407
21. Illustration of a two-and-a-half-year-old Christian child from Trent
being bled with leeches by Frankfurt Jews, from Johann Christoph
Wagenseil's, Die Hoffnung der Erlösung Israelis (see plate 20).
By kind permission of the Herzog August Bibliothek,
Wolfenbüttel, West Germany. / 408
22. Skull comparisons of Caucasians, Negroes, and monkeys, from Josiah
Clark Nott, Types of Mankind (Philadelphia, 1854), a memorial
volume for Dr. Samuel Morton. / 418
23. Portrait of Phillis Wheatley on the title page of the 1773 London edition
of her poems. By kind permission of the William Andrews Clark
Memorial Library at UCLA. / 422
24. Title page of Isaac de Pinto's Traité de la circulation et du crédit (Amsterdam,
1771). By kind permission of the Hebrew Union College, New York. / 426
25. Portrait of Moses Mendelssohn, from an urn in the Stadtsmuseum of
Braunschweig, Lower Saxony. By kind permission of the Archivist
of the Stadtsmuseum, Braunschweig, West Germany. / 427
26. Scenes from the life of Dr. Orobio de Castro, including his having been
a royal physician in Spain and professor of medicine at Toulouse. By
kind permission of the Ets Haim Collection in the National Library
of Israel. / 430
27. Portrait of the abbé Henri Grégoire (18th cent.). By kind permission of
Professor Richard H. Popkin. / 433