The Land of Ionia: Society and Economy in the Archaic Period

287 Pages·2010·5.84 MB·English

by  Alan M. Greaves

THE LAND
OF IONIA

A L A N M . G R E A V E S
T H E L A N D
O F I O N I A
Society and Economy
in the Archaic Period
A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication
This edition fi rst published 2010
© 2010 Alan M. Greaves
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Greaves, Alan M., 1969-
The land of Ionia : society and economy in the Archaic period / Alan M. Greaves.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4051-9900-1 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Ionia–Civilization. 2. Ionia–Antiquities.
3. Excavations (Archaeology)–Turkey–Ionia. I. Title.
DS156.I6G74 2010
939′.23–dc22
2009032173
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Set in 10.5 on 13pt Minion by Toppan Best-set Premedia Limited
Printed in Malaysia
I 2010
Contents
List of illustrations viii
List of tables x
Preface xi
Acknowledgments xiv
Prologue xvi
1 FINDING IONIA 1
Introduction 1
The Source Materials 2
Excavation and Publication 22
Conclusions 26
2 CONSTRUCTING CLASSICAL ARCHAEOLOGIES OF
IONIA 27
Introduction 27
Traditional Approaches to Classical Archaeology in Ionia 28
The German and Turkish “Schools” of Archaeology 32
Annaliste Perspectives on Archaeology 36
A New Approach to the Land of Ionia 39
Conclusions 43
3 A DYNAMIC LANDSCAPE 45
Introduction 45
Ionia’s Geographical Zones 46
Landscape Dynamism 57
The Ionian Landscape and Ionian Identity 65
Conclusions 67
vi Contents
4 THE WEALTH OF IONIA 69
Introduction 69
Modes of Primary Production 71
Modes of Processing 79
Modes of Exchange 84
Ionia and World Systems 89
Conclusions 91
5 THE CITIES OF IONIA 95
Introduction 95
A Brief Survey of the Ionian Cities 96
Other Settlements in Ionia 107
The Size and Distribution of Poleis within Ionia 110
François de Polignac in Ionia 112
The City and Ionian Identity 115
Conclusions 118
6 THE IONIANS OVERSEAS 120
Introduction 120
Source Materials 121
Interpreting the Evidence 129
Colonial Interactions 131
Models of Ionian Colonization 137
Conclusions 143
7 THE IONIANS AT WAR 145
Introduction 145
Geographical Settings 147
Archaeological Contexts and Materials 148
Literary Sources 154
Discussion: Issues in Source Materials 156
The Fortifi cation of Ionia 156
Naval Warfare 164
Mercenaries 166
Conclusions 168
8 CULTS OF IONIA 171
Introduction 171
Geographical Evidence 172
Archaeological Evidence 174
Contents vii
Literary and Epigraphic Evidence 179
Discussion of Source Materials 180
The Sacred Ways of Ionia 180
“Foreign” Infl uences on Ionian Cult 193
Burial Practices in Ionia 197
Conclusions 199
9 THE ORNAMENTS OF IONIA 201
Introduction 201
“Art” and Landscape 203
Ionia’s Lost “Art” Treasures 203
“Art” and Literature 207
“Connoisseurship” of Ionian Pottery 207
“Reading” Ionian “Art” 214
Conclusions 218
10 WHO WERE THE IONIANS? 219
Introduction 219
Herodotos’ Ionia 219
The Myth of the Ionian Migration 222
Ionian Identity and Archaeology 225
Conclusions 227
Epilogue 231
Glossary of ancient Greek [and modern Turkish] terms used in the text 233
Bibliography 235
Index 255
Illustrations
Figure 1.1 General view of Ephesos 3
Figure 1.2 Alluvium at Magnesia 4
Figure 1.3 The location of the cities of Ionia and major sites in Aegean Greece 8
Figure 1.4 The location of the cities of Ionia and major sites in Anatolia 9
Box 1.1 A view of Ayasoluk Hill at Ephesos (a) in 1907 and (b) today 2 5
Figure 3.1 Satellite image of the lower B ü y ü k Menderes Valley 47
Figure 3.2 The a cropolis of Priene 48
Figure 3.3 View of the modern B ü y ü k Menderes Plain 51
Figure 3.4 The B ü y ü k Menderes River near Miletos 53
Figure 3.5 GIS of the harbors at Miletos 67
Box 3.1 Progradation of the B ü y ü k Menderes River into the Gulf of Latmos 5 9
Figure 4.1 Wild Goat style bowl with basket - like handles, made in Chios 8 2
Figure 4.2 Trade amphorae at Miletos 85
Figure 4.3 Electrum stater with image of a seal from Phokaia, c.600 – 550b c 88
Box 4.1 The Susa A stragalus 78
Figure 5.1 Cult installation at the site of Myous 105
Figure 5.2 Excavations underway at Kato Phana in 2000 109
Figure 6.1 The harbor of Massalia 122
Figure 6.2 Site view showing the densely overlaid occupations levels at
Kato Phana 125
Box 6.1 Sherds of East Greek pottery from the site of Al Mina 133
Figure 7.1 The Cappadocia Gate and adjacent defenses at Kerkenes Dğa 162
Figure 7.2 Ships attending the Battle of Lade 165
Figure 7.3 An inscription by Archon Son of Amoibichos, an Ionian
mercenary, from Abu Simbel, Egypt 166
Box 7.1 The Maltepe section of the “ Herodotean ” Wall at Phokaia 158
Figure 8.1 Fragment of female sculpture from Ephesos 176
Figure 8.2 Marble head of a youth from Bronchidai - Didyma 179
Figure 8.3 The Ahmetbeyli Valley 182