Table Of ContentK10783_Cover 1/19/10 11:07 AM Page 2
C M Y CM MY CY CMY K
The Laboratory
SWINE
Second Edition
Peter J. A. Bollen
Axel K. Hansen
Aage K. Olsen Alstrup
A Volume in The Laboratory Animal Pocket Reference Series
Composite
A Volume in The Laboratory Animal Pocket Reference Series
The Laboratory
SWINE
Second Edition
The Laboratory Animal Pocket Reference Series
Series Editor
Mark A. Suckow, D.V.M.
Freimann Life Science Center
University of Notre Dame
South Bend, Indiana
Published Titles
The Laboratory Canine
The Laboratory Cat
The Laboratory Guinea Pig
The Laboratory Hamster and Gerbil
The Laboratory Mouse
The Laboratory Nonhuman Primate
The Laboratory Rabbit, Second Edition
The Laboratory Rat
The Laboratory Small Ruminant
The Laboratory Swine, Second Edition
The Laboratory Xenopus sp.
A Volume in The Laboratory Animal Pocket Reference Series
The Laboratory
SWINE
Second Edition
Peter J. A. Bollen
University of Southern Denmark
Odense, Denmark
Axel K. Hansen
University of Copenhagen
Denmark
Aage K. Olsen Alstrup
Aarhus University Hospital
Denmark
CRC Press
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contents
preface ...........................................................................................xi
authors ........................................................................................xiii
1 important biological features ..................................................1
breeds ....................................................................................1
The Landrace ....................................................................3
The Yorkshire, or Large White ...........................................3
The Duroc .........................................................................3
The Hampshire .................................................................4
The Piétrain ......................................................................5
Other Breeds ....................................................................5
Hybrid Breeds ...................................................................5
Miniature Breeds ..............................................................6
The Vietnamese Potbelly Pig..............................................6
The Ossabaw Island Hog ...................................................6
Nomenclature ...................................................................6
behavior .................................................................................8
anatomical and physiological features ....................................9
Integument and Skeleton ..................................................9
Digestive System .............................................................10
Abdominal Organs ..........................................................10
Cardiovascular System ...................................................10
Pulmonary System..........................................................11
Lymphatic and Endocrine System ...................................11
normative values ..................................................................11
v
vi contents
2 husbandry ............................................................................15
housing ................................................................................15
environmental conditions .....................................................17
Temperature and Humidity .............................................18
Ventilation ......................................................................18
Illumination ....................................................................19
Noise ...............................................................................19
environmental enrichment ...................................................19
Group Housing ...............................................................19
Individual Housing .........................................................20
nutrition ...............................................................................21
Nutrient Requirements ....................................................21
Feeding Levels ................................................................22
sanitation .............................................................................24
Frequency .......................................................................24
Methods ..........................................................................25
transportation ......................................................................25
record keeping ......................................................................26
securing welfare ...................................................................26
3 management and quality assurance .....................................29
microbiological monitoring ...................................................29
Infections in Swine and Their Impact on Experiments .....29
Pathological Changes, Clinical Disease, and Mortality ...29
Immunomodulation ...................................................30
Physiological Modulation ...........................................30
Competition between Microorganisms within the
Animal ......................................................................30
Interference with Reproduction ..................................31
Interference with Oncogenesis ...................................31
Contamination of Biological Products ........................31
Impact of the Normal Flora ........................................31
Zoonotic Diseases ...........................................................32
Legal Regulations ...........................................................32
Precautions to Prevent Infections ....................................34
Rederivation ..............................................................35
Barrier Protection .....................................................36
Health Monitoring .....................................................37
Common Findings in Health Monitoring ....................41
contents vii
genetic monitoring ................................................................41
accreditation ........................................................................42
AAALAC International ....................................................42
ISO 9000 ........................................................................43
4 veterinary care .....................................................................45
clinical examination of swine ...............................................45
microbiological sampling ......................................................46
diseases of swine ..................................................................46
therapeutic treatment ...........................................................50
pathological examination......................................................51
anesthesia and analgesia .....................................................52
Acclimatization ...............................................................52
Clinical Examination Prior to Anesthesia ........................52
Preoperative Fasting .......................................................53
Premedication .................................................................53
Ear Vein Catheter ...........................................................56
Induction of Anesthesia ..................................................56
Endotracheal Intubation .................................................57
Cricothyrotomy ...............................................................59
Artificial Ventilation ........................................................59
Thermal Support ............................................................60
Maintenance of Anesthesia .............................................60
Inhalation Anesthesia .....................................................60
Halothane .................................................................60
Isoflurane ..................................................................61
Desflurane ................................................................61
Sevoflurane ...............................................................61
Enflurane ..................................................................61
Nitrous Oxide ............................................................61
Injectable Anesthesia ......................................................62
Propofol .....................................................................62
Ketamine and Other Dissociatives .............................63
Barbiturates ..............................................................63
Adrenoreceptor (α2) Agonists .....................................64
Benzodiazepines .......................................................64
Alpha-Chloralose .......................................................64
Medetomidine-Butorphanol-Ketamine (MBK) .............64
Supplementary Analgesia ...............................................64
Fluid Infusion .................................................................65
Depth of Anesthesia ........................................................65
viii contents
Monitoring during Anesthesia .........................................65
Neuromuscular Blocking Agents .....................................66
Postoperative Management ..............................................67
Clinical Signs of Postoperative Pain ................................67
Postoperative Analgesics .................................................68
Anesthetic Emergencies ..................................................69
Laryngospasm and Edema ..............................................70
euthanasia ...........................................................................71
5 experimental techniques ......................................................73
restraint ...............................................................................74
sampling techniques ............................................................75
Blood Sampling ..............................................................75
Urine and Feces ..............................................................78
Cerebrospinal Fluid ........................................................79
Bile and Pancreatic Excretions ........................................79
administration of compounds ...............................................80
basic surgical procedures .....................................................81
Catheterization ...............................................................82
The Carotid Artery and the Internal Jugular Vein .....82
The Carotid Artery ....................................................82
The Internal Jugular Vein .........................................83
The External Jugular Vein ........................................83
The Cephalic Vein .....................................................83
The Femoral Artery and Vein .....................................83
Laparotomy.....................................................................84
Portal Vein Cannulation ............................................84
The Hepatic Vein .......................................................84
The Pancreatic Duct ..................................................84
Exteriorization of Catheters ............................................85
Catheter Sizes and Material ............................................85
Catheter Maintenance .....................................................86
safety testing of chemicals and drugs ...................................86
Dermal Toxicology ..........................................................86
Acute and Chronic Systemic Toxicology ..........................87
necropsy ...............................................................................90
Equipment ......................................................................90
Preservation....................................................................92
Procedure .......................................................................92
special issues regarding gene-modified swine .......................93
contents ix
6 resources ..............................................................................95
associations .........................................................................95
books ...................................................................................99
journals ..............................................................................100
internet resources ..............................................................103
swine and diet, and equipment ...........................................103
Miniature Swine Resources ..........................................104
Diet Resources ..............................................................104
references ...................................................................................107
index ..........................................................................................119
