The Kazakh Khanates Between the Russian and Qing Empires: Central Eurasian International Relations During the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries

370 Pages·2016·3.937 MB·English

by  Jin Noda

 i
TheKazakhKhanatesbetweentheRussianandQingEmpires
© KoninklijkeBrillNV,Leiden,2016 | doi10.1163/9789004314474_001
ii 
Islamic Area Studies
Series Editor
ToruMiura(Ochanomizu University)
Advisory board
Abdul-KarimRafeq(College of William and Mary)
NellyHanna(American University in Cairo)
StephenR.Humphreys(University of California, Santa Barbara)
DaleF.Eickelman(Dartmouth College)
FaribaAdelkhah(Sciences Po-CERI)
KeikoSakurai(Waseda University)
VOLUME3
Thetitlespublishedinthisseriesarelistedat brill.com/isas
 iii
The Kazakh Khanates between
the Russian and Qing Empires
Central Eurasian International Relations during the
Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries
By
JinNoda
LEIDEN|BOSTON
iv 
Coverillustration:“Hasaketoumu”(Kazakhelder)fromHuangqing zhigong tubyXiesuioftheQing
Dynasty:TheCollectionoftheNationalPalaceMuseum,Taipei,Taiwan,ROC.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Names:Noda,Jin.
Title:TheKazakhkhanatesbetweentheRussianandQingempires:central
Eurasianinternationalrelationsduringtheeighteenthandnineteenth
centuries/byJinNoda.
Description:Leiden;Boston:Brill,2016.|Series:Islamicareastudies,
ISSN2214-6555;volume3|Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
Identifiers:LCCN2016008886(print)|LCCN2016011593(ebook)|ISBN
9789004314443(hardback:acid-freepaper)|ISBN9789004314474(e-book)|
ISBN9789004314474(E-book)
Subjects:LCSH:Kazakhstan--Foreignrelations--Russia.|Russia--Foreign
relations--Kazakhstan.|Kazakhstan--Foreignrelations--China.|
China--Foreignrelations--Kazakhstan.|Russia--Foreignrelations--China.
|China--Foreignrelations--Russia.|Sultans--Kazakhstan--History.|
Nomads--Kazakhstan--History.|Nomads--Asia,Central--History.|Asia,
Central--Politicsandgovernment.
Classification:LCCDK908.75.R8N632016(print)|LCCDK908.75.R8(ebook)|
DDC327.584504709/033--dc23
LCrecordavailableathttp://lccn.loc.gov/2016008886
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ContentCsontents v
Contents
Acknowledgements ix
Notes on Transliteration and Sources xi
List of Figures, Maps and Tables xii
List of Abbreviations xiv
List of Chinese Characters xvxx
Introduction: The Kazakh Khanates’ Place within the Central Eurasian
World 1
1 TheHistoryoftheKazakhSteppeandtheKazakhKhanates 1
2 ThemestobeAddressed 4
3 MethodologyandSignificance 9
4 OutlineofContent 12
5 DescriptionofHistoricalSources 14
Part 1
The ‘Kazakh Khanates’ and the History of the International
Relations in Central Asia
1 Reexamining the Kazakh Khanates’ “Foreign Relations in the East” 23
Introduction 23
1 AHistoryofResearchRegardingtheKazakhKhanates 23
2 AHistoryofResearchRegardingtheKazakh-QingConnection 25
3 HistoricalRelationsbetweentheKazakhSteppeandXinjiang 41
Conclusion 53
2 The Impact of Russian Advances into Central Asia on Kazakh-Russian
Relations 54
Introduction 54
1 ThePetitionforRussianSubjectStatusandanOathontheQuran 54
2 TheKazakhTitleof“Khan” 66
3 Establishmentofthe1822RegulationwithintheMiddleJuz 80
Conclusion 96
vi Contents
Part 2
The Foundations of Kazakh-Qing Relations
3 The Problem of Kazakh Subjection and the Russian-Qing Relationship in
Central Asia 101
Introduction 101
1 TheJungarsandCentralAsiawithinRussian-QingRelations 103
2 TheTošiMission’sProposals(1731)andRussia-QingNegotiations 112
3 TheRussian-QingNegotiationsof1756–1758RegardingCentral
Asia 120
Conclusion 140
4 The Differing Nature of the Three Kazakh Juz and the Three “Bu”
(Sections) Mentioned in Qing Historical Sources 144
Introduction 144
1 EighteenthandNineteenthCenturyKazakhSocialStructureas
DescribedwithinQingHistoricalSources 145
2 TheMeaningoftheTerm“Hasake”withinQingHistoricalRecords153
3 RelationsbetweenthethreeKazakhJuzandtheQingEmpire 167
4 TheThreeSectionsintheViewoftheKazakhs 175
Conclusion 179
5 Titles of Kazakh Sultans Bestowed by the Qing Empire: The 1824 Case of
Sultan Ghubaidulla 181
Introduction 181
1 QingTitlesfortheKazakhs 183
2 SultanGhubaidullaandHis HanTitle 191
3 TitlesforKazakhsThereafter 204
Conclusion 211
Part 3
Russo-Qing Relations and the Fate of the Kazakh Khanates
6 Kazakh Participation in the Russo-Chinese Trade of Central Asia 215
Introduction 215
1 TheKyakhtaTradeandRusso-QingTradeThroughoutWestern
Siberia 216
2 RussianandQingTradingPolicies 220
3 IntermediaryRoleoftheKazakhsinRusso-QingTrade 233
4 ChangesintheStructureofTrade 248
Contents vii
7 The Transformation of the Russian-Qing Relationship and the
Dissolution of the Kazakh Khanates 260
Introduction 260
1 FrontierRulebytheTwoEmpires:TheWesternSiberianGovernor-
GeneralandtheIliMilitaryGovernor 260
2 TheRoleoftheKazakhSteppewithinRussian-QingRelations 272
3 TheSultansinTransition 287
4 FrictionRegardingtheAnnexationoftheGreatJuzandEstablishment
ofthe1851TreatyofCommercebetweenRussiaandtheQing
Dynasty 293
Conclusion 302
Conclusion 304
Bibliography 313
Index 342
350
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viii Contents
AcknowAlcekdgnmowenltesdgments ix
Acknowledgments
ThepreviouseditionofthisbookwaspublishedinJapanesebytheUniversity
ofTokyoPressin2011.Ithasbeencompletelyrevisedandmuchsupplementa-
tionhasbeenaddedtotheJapaneseedition.
WhilewritingmyPhDdissertation,whichformsthecoreofthisbook,my
researchdependedontheassistanceofnumerousindividuals,manyofwhom
areinKazakhstanwhereIhadstayedfortwoyears(2002–2004,attheInstitute
ofOrientalStudies)toconductresearchmainlyattheCentralStateArchivein
Almaty.Ishouldliketothankthefollowinginparticularfortheirkindhelpin
thosedays:MeruertAbuseitova,NagimaSagandykova,KlaraKhafizova,Niko-
laiKropivnistskii,andMarziyaZhilisbaeva.
Intheyearsfollowingmydoctoralwork,Ihavebeenabletoattendseveral
annualCESS(CentralEurasianStudiesSociety)meetings.Attheseevents,Ies-
peciallyenjoyedtheopportunitytohavediscussionswithresearchersfrom
aroundtheworld.Amongthese,IwouldespeciallyliketothankAllenFrank
andVirginiaMartinfortheirkindandsincerecommentsonmyresearch.
Needlesstosay,myresearchhasbeenheavilyinfluencedbyJapaneseschol-
ars.Firstofall,Ioffersinceregratitudetomyadviser,HisaoKomatsu.Iwould
alsoberemisstoomitthenameofthelateToruSaguchi,oneofthefounders
ofXinjiangstudiesinJapan.Iwouldalsoliketoexpressmygratitudetothe
membersofmydoctoralcommittee:TomohikoUyama,YasushiShinmen,
Sei’ichiroYoshizawa,NorieIshii,andHisaoKomatsu.
RegardingtherevisionoftheJapaneseversion,commentsbybookreview-
ershavebeenveryhelpful.Igreatlyappreciatethecommentsandcriticismof:
TakahiroOnuma,TomomiNakamura,KazumasaHayamaru,KiyohikoSugiya-
ma,AkiraYanagisawa,andKoichiShibuya.IalsothankBretFiskforhishelpin
editingmyEnglishtexts.IthankHideyukiNaganumaforhisassistanceaswell.
ThisbookisapartoftheIslamicAreaStudiesprojectinJapan.Iexpressmy
sinceregratitudetothetwolateex-generaldirectors:TsugitakaSatoand
TakeshiYukawa,aswellasthepresentdirector,KeikoSakurai.Ialsoappreciate
thehelpofToruMiura,chiefeditoroftheISASseries.
Lastly,Ishouldliketothankmyfinancialsupporters:JSPSKAKENHI(Grant
Number15K02914),NIHUIslamicAreaStudiesproject(FY2014),JFE21stCen-
turyFoundation(2014:AsianHistoryResearchAidProjects),WasedaUniver-
sity’ssupportforacademicpublications(FY2015),andthePublicationsFund
ofWasedaUniversity(FY2015).Regardingthelasttwoitemslistedabove,the
x Acknowledgments
officeoftheWasedaInstituteforAdvancedStudy,whereIamcurrentlyem-
ployed,hasbeenofgreatassistance.
Finally,Iwouldliketothankmywife,MikiWatanabe,andmytwodaughters
–AkariandMarika–fortheirloveandsupportofmyresearchactivities.
Jin Noda
WasedaInstituteforAdvancedStudy,Tokyo
November2015