The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology Early Archaic Fishing

18 Pages·2015·0.47 MB·English

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Early Archaic Fishing (12,600–9,200 cal
yr BP) in the Semiarid North Coast of
Chile
Philippe Béareza, Donald Jacksonb & Noémy Mollaretc
a UMR 7209 CNRS / USM 0303 MNHN, Archéozoologie,
Archéobotanique: Sociétés, Pratiques et Environnements,
Department of Écologie et Gestion de la Biodiversité, Muséum
National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris Cedex, France
Click for updates b Departamento de Antropología, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales,
Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
c Direction des Collections, Invertébrés Marins, Muséum National
d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris Cedex, France
Published online: 12 Jan 2015.
To cite this article: Philippe Béarez, Donald Jackson & Noémy Mollaret (2015) Early Archaic Fishing
(12,600–9,200 cal yr BP) in the Semiarid North Coast of Chile, The Journal of Island and Coastal
Archaeology, 10:1, 133-148, DOI: 10.1080/15564894.2014.940096
To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15564894.2014.940096
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JournalofIsland&CoastalArchaeology,10:133–148,2015
Copyright©2015Taylor&FrancisGroup,LLC
ISSN:1556-4894print /1556-1828online
DOI:10.1080/15564894.2014.940096
Early Archaic Fishing (12,600–9,200 cal yr
BP) in the Semiarid North Coast of Chile
Philippe Be´arez,1 Donald Jackson,2 and Noe´my Mollaret3
1UMR7209CNRS/USM0303MNHN,Arch´eozoologie,Arch´eobotanique:
Soci´et´es,PratiquesetEnvironnements,DepartmentofE´cologieetGestiondela
Biodiversit´e,Mus´eumNationald’HistoireNaturelle,ParisCedex,France
2DepartamentodeAntropolog´ıa,FacultaddeCienciasSociales,Universidad
deChile,Santiago,Chile
5 3DirectiondesCollections,Invert´ebr´esMarins,Mus´eumNationald’Histoire
1
20 Naturelle,ParisCedex,France
e
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2 ABSTRACT
6
2
08: Wepresenttheresultsoftheanalysisoffishremainsfromanarchae-
at ologicalcontext(PuntaN˜agu´e)associatedwiththeearliestsettlersin
e] thesemiaridnortherncoastofChileanddatedtotheendofthePleis-
hil tocene (12,916–11,043 cal yr BP). The great majority of the species
C
e identifiedarefishthatcanbecapturedwithnetsinthenearshoresub-
d
d tidalandinter-tidalzones.Theseresults,alongwithevidencefromother
da earlyarchaeologicalsitesinnorthernChile,demonstratetheearlysys-
si tematicexploitationoffishspecies,particularlySciaenidae.Thesefish
r
e
v constitutedanabundantandreliableresource,whichcontributedsig-
Uni nificantly to the subsistence of these early maritime-adapted settlers
y [ whopopulatedthePacificcoastofSouthAmerica.
b
d
de Keywords coastal migration route, marine resources, maritime adaptation, Terminal
oa Pleistocene,WesternSouthAmerica
nl
w
o
D
INTRODUCTION portfromtheexistenceofearlyarchaeolog-
ical sites along the Pacific Coast of North
The hypothesis that the earliest settlers of America(DesLauriers2006;Erlandsonetal.
theAmericasfollowedacoastalroute(Dixon 2011; Jones et al. 2002) to South Amer-
2001;Erlandsonetal.2007;Fladmark1979; ica (DeFrance et al. 2001; Dillehay et al.
Surovell 2003) is increasingly gaining sup- 2012;Jacksonetal.2011;Lavalle´eandJulien
Received1April2014;accepted23June2014.
Address correspondence to Philippe Be´arez, UMR 7209 CNRS / USM 0303 MNHN, Arche´ozoologie,
Arche´obotanique:Socie´te´s,PratiquesetEnvironnements,DepartmentofE´cologieetGestiondelaBio-
diversite´,Muse´umNationald’HistoireNaturelle,CP56,55RueBuffon,75231ParisCedex05,France.
E-mail:[email protected]
Color versions of one or more of the figures in the article can be found online at
http://www.tandfonline.com/uica.
133
Philippe Be´arez et al.
2012;Sandweisset al. 1998;Stothert 1988; ploitationisnottheonlyindicatorofaquatic
Stothert and Quilter 1991). In this context, adaptations, their presence is highly signif-
thefirstcoastaladaptationsinnorthernChile icant. Fish are mobile species with varied
are known as the “Huentelauque´n Cultural habits, which requires fishers to have spe-
Complex”,identifiedfromnumerousarchae- cificethologicalandtechnicalknowledgein
ological sites spread along the arid coast order to capture them. Thus, the exploita-
(24◦ S) to the southern extreme of the tionofadiverseandabundantichthyofauna
semiaridcoast(31◦ S).Severalofthesesites implies that fishers had a deeply rooted
are dated to the beginningof the late Pleis- coastal knowledge base. Furthermore, fish
toceneandEarlyHolocene,betweenabout appeartobetheprincipalsourceofproteins
13,000 and 9,000 years ago (Jackson et al. andfattyacids,which,alongwithotherre-
2011;JacksonandMe´ndez2005;Llagostera sources, provided a reliable sustenance for
1977,1979;Llagosteraetal.2000). thesecoastalpopulations.
Thesearchaeologicalsites,usuallyshell Inthisarticle,wepresenttheresultsof
middens,representcampswithareasassoci- thestudyoffishremainsrecoveredatPunta
5 atedwithmolluscprocessingandfoodcon- N˜ague´ (LV 098A), a Late Pleistocene/Early
1
20 sumption, and areas destined for the pro- Holocenecoastalsiteinthesemiaridregion
e cessing, use, and discarding of lithic tools ofnorthernChile(Jacksonetal.2011;Jack-
n
Ju (Jackson et al. 1999). The stratigraphy pro- son et al. 1999). The set of taxonomic in-
26 vides evidence of the exploitation of pri- formation,thequantitativeanalysis(sizeand
6 marilymarineresources,includingmolluscs, weight)ofthefishremains,alongwithcon-
2
8: crustaceans,echinoderms,fish,andmarine text data allowed us to identify the species
0
at mammals,aswellasbirdsandafewspecies representedinthemidden,theirformofcap-
] of terrestrial mammals (camelids, carni- ture, and their relative contribution to the
e
hil vores, and rodents). The lithic technology dietoftheHuentelauque´ngroupsthatinhab-
C associated with these sites includes bifa- ited the site of Punta N˜ague´. These results
e
d cial projectiles, knives, scrapers, sharpen- arecomparedwiththeanalysisoftheichthy-
ad ers,and,occasionally,grindingtools,among ofaunaoftwootherEarlyHolocenesitesin
d
si other elements, such as some unique geo- northern Chile: La Chimba 13 (Llagostera
r
e metric stone objects also known as cogged 1979; Llagostera et al. 1997) and Huente-
v
ni stones(Jacksonetal.1999;Llagostera1979; lauque´n(Weisneretal.2000).
U
[ Weisneretal.2000).
y
b This Huentelauque´n Cultural Complex
d onthesemiaridnortherncoastofChilemight
e
d
a represent two, possibly diachronic, main
nlo types of settlement patterns. The first one STUDYAREAANDARCHAEOLOGICAL
w correspondstoacentralbase-dispersedpat- CONTEXT
o
D tern along the coast, with a strong empha-
sisontheprocurementofmarineresources; The study area is located in the semiarid
whereas the second, a possibly more re- coastofChile(31◦S),inthetransitionalzone
centpattern,isfocusedonsmallinlandval- between the dry region in the north and
leys(quebradas),withemphasisonhunting theMediterranean-climateregionincentral
and gathering (Jackson and Me´ndez 2005), Chile,characterizedbydrysummersandlow
with eventual movements towards valleys winter rainfall due to the quasi-permanent
andmountainenvironments(Galarce2004; presenceoftheSouthPacificSubtropicalAn-
Jackson1998). ticyclone (Van Husen 1967). This zone is
Asignificantformofevidencethatlends highly susceptible to the annual variations
support to the theory that these early set- associatedwiththephenomenonofElNin˜o
tlementsrepresentcoastaladaptationsisthe SouthernOscillation(ENSO).DuringElNin˜o
existenceofadiverseandabundantichthy- events,thewinterweatherconditionsareex-
ofauna.Whilenohumanpopulationhasde- ceptionally warm and wet in central Chile,
pended exclusively on fish, just as fish ex- whileduringLaNin˜aphase,abnormallycold
134 VOLUME10•ISSUE1• 2015
Early Archaic Fishing in the North Coast of Chile
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ed Figure1. MapofthestudyareashowingtheearlyarchaeologicalsitesofthenorthcoastofChile:
ad PuntaN˜agu´e(LV098A),Huentelauqu´en,andLaChimba13.
o
nl
w
o anddryconditionsprevailinthissameregion 10,500 cal BP, followed by a wetter period
D
(Aceituno1988). attestedbythedominanceofcoastalshrubs
PollenrecordsfromthecoastofLosVilos andthespreadofswampyhabitatbetween
indicatethespreadofswampyforesttaxaca. ca.10,500and9,500calBP(Maldonadoetal.
13,300calBP,whichsuggeststhatcoldand 2010).Anincreaseinherbaceousandshrub
wet conditions prevailed during this time taxaafterca.9,500calBPindicatesareturn
(Villagr´an and Varela 1990). Towards the todrierconditions,consistentwiththepro-
beginningoftheEarlyHolocene,anabrupt cessofwidespreadregionalaridificationdur-
changeisattestedbyadeclineinmarshand ingtheEarlytoMiddleHolocene(Maldonado
aquatic species, as well as a decline in the andVillagr´an2006).
richnessofsemiaridscrublandintheregion Otoliths from the site of La Chimba
(Villagr´an and Varela 1990). These results 13 (previously known as Quebrada Las
are consistent with the data obtained from Conchas), located in the northern arid re-
QuebradaSantaJulia,whichindicateadrier gion of Chile (23◦ S), provide evidence
climatethantodaybetweenca.11,200and of limited variations in the oceanographic
JOURNALOFISLAND&COASTALARCHAEOLOGY 135
Philippe Be´arez et al.
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26 Figure2. CoastalenvironmentatPuntaN˜agu´eandlocationofthearchaeologicalsite(LV098A):
8: viewfromtheSouth.
0
at
]
hile conditions during the Early Holocene, al- Closetothesite(∼500m)thereisaper-
C though the presence of Micropogonias al- manent source of drinking water that was
e tipinnis indicates the flow of warm wa- probably available when the settlement of
d
d ters from the north into the region dur- PuntaN˜ague´wasoccupied.Thesiteissitu-
a
d ing the stated period (Llagostera 1979; atedamongdepositsofpaleodunesinalon-
rsi Llagosteraetal.1997). gitudinal depression (100 × 40 m). Two
e
niv Within this context, the settlement of distinct areas can be distinguished: a zone
U PuntaN˜ague´(LV098A)isfoundonthecoast for processing, using, and discarding lithic
[
y of the province of Choapa, in the south- tools; and another area containing numer-
b
d ern extreme of the northern semiarid re- ousshellmoundswheredomesticactivities
e
d gion of Chile (Figure 1). It is located on a tookplace,nexttoseveralhearthsassociated
a
o small peninsula that is part of a marine ter- withlithictools(includingprojectilepoints,
nl
w race(25m.a.s.l.),coveredwiththedeposits knives, scrapers, sharpeners, and grinding
Do ofpartiallyshiftingpaleodunesystems.The stone),wastefromprocessingandreuse,as
easternshoreadjacenttothesettlementisa wellaspreformsofgeometricstoneobjects,
protectedbaywithaseriesofsandybeaches, micro-mortars,engravedplatesandnecklace
whilethesouthwestsideisanexposedrocky beads.Therawmaterialsusedforthelithic
shore with rich marine biodiversity (Fig- artifactsareoflocalorigin.
ure2). The shell mounds are composed of a
Todaythesiteislocatedadjacenttothe greatvarietyofmolluscspecies(gastropods
coastline on a high marine terrace, but at and bivalves), as well as some crustaceans
the time of the first human occupation the and echinoderms. The vertebrate fauna in-
sea was about 10 km off the current coast- cludesmarinemammals(Otariaflavescens,
line(Ortegaetal.2012).Despitechangesin Arctocephalusaustralis,andLontrafelina),
post-glacialsealevels,thesitewasneversub- whichforthemostpartarrivedcompleteat
merged.Thisconditionmadethesiteacces- the site, especially the juvenile specimens
sibleinthepastandallowedthepreservation (Hern´andez 2007). In addition to the fish
ofthesitetoday(Jacksonetal.2011). remains that are the focus of this study,
136 VOLUME10•ISSUE1• 2015
Early Archaic Fishing in the North Coast of Chile
it was also possible to record several bird lauque´n Cultural Complex on the coast of
species(Spheniscussp.,Phalacrocoraxsp., Choapa,correspondingtoresidentialcamps
Pelecanusthagus),fiverodentspecies,two andworkcamps(JacksonandMe´ndez2005;
of which were eaten (Octodon sp. and Llagosteraetal.2000),areprobablyrelated
Abrocoma bennetti) as their remains were tothelowerandmiddleculturalsequencesat
associated with a hearth, and a few re- PuntaN˜ague´,formingpartofthesamesettle-
mainsofguanaco(Lamaguanicoe)andfox mentsystemalongthesemiaridnorthcoast
(Lycalopexsp.). ofChile.
Thestratigraphyshowsthatthearchaeo-
logicaldepositsconsistofmolluscsandother
culturalremainswithinasandymatrixwith
auniformcolorandgrainsize.Threecultural
sequenceswereidentified.Thefirstoneisa MATERIALSANDMETHODS
lowersequence,10cmthick,consistingof
adiscontinuousshellmiddenwithfewasso- ThefaunalremainswererecoveredatPunta
5 ciatedartifactsanddominatedbythegastro- N˜ague´(LV098A)duringexcavationscarried
1
20 pod Concholepas concholepas. A thin ster- out between 1996 and 2004. The excava-
e ilelayerseparatesthemiddlesequencefrom tions covered a total area of 61 m2 with an
n
Ju the lower one. The second sequence iden- estimatedvolumeof16.4m3(Table2).The
26 tified,themiddlesequence,is30cmthick, faunal remains were sorted, and only fish
6 andwascomposedofseveralshellmounds remains have been studied in detail at this
2
8: ofmostlyMesodesmadonacium,associated stage.Fishremainsrecoveredfromtheupper
0
at with hearths, abundant marine faunal re- cultural sequence were excluded from the
] mainsandtracesoftheprocessing,use,and present analysis because they were scarce
e
hil discardingofartifacts.Finally,theuppercul- (NISP = 73), which does not seem to be
C turalsequence,35cmthick,includedanex- related to differential preservation. Fish re-
e
d tensiveshellmiddenconsistingmainlyofC. mainsconsistedofbones,mainlyvertebrae,
ad concholepas,associatedwithvertebratere- andotoliths(Figure3).Thegeneralpreserva-
d
si mainsandlithictools.Inalltheculturalse- tionwaspoor;however,asignificantnumber
r
e quences we recorded evidence of hearths of remains were sufficiently well-preserved
v
ni adjacent to the shell mounds that were the forpropertaxonomicidentification.
[U locusofthemaindomesticactivities,suchas Excavationswerecarriedoutin2×2m
by foodconsumptionandtoolmaking. units,followingthenaturalstratigraphyand
d Sixradiocarbondates(Table1)placethe furtherseparatedintoartificiallevels.Allsed-
e
ad identified cultural sequences in chronolog- iments were sieved through 4 mm mesh
o
nl ical order. Two 14C dates are on charcoal, screens to recover all cultural remains. Ad-
w whiletheremainingsamplesweredatedon ditionally, two soil samples (3 L) were ex-
o
D shells of marine molluscs. For shells, the tracted from each square meter and level:
dates were calibrated considering a correc- onewassievedthroughafinemeshscreen
tionforthemarinereservoireffect,estimated (2 mm), and the other was used for flota-
in 911 ± 278 years [R + (cid:2)R = 400 + tion. In addition to the recovery of organic
(511 ± 278)] for the Early Holocene at remains(charcoalandseeds),thisprocedure
these latitudes (Ortlieb et al. 2011). All the allowed us to evaluate the loss of fish re-
datescanbeplacedaroundthePleistocene- mains from the use of wide mesh screens
HolocenetransitionandtheEarlyHolocene. (4mm).Theresultsindicateonlyaminorloss
Only the lower and middle cultural se- ofichthyoarchaeologicalmaterialbuthigher
quences can be positively attributed to the ratesoffragmentation(Didier2000).
Huentelauque´nCulturalComplex,whilethe The locations of features, artifacts, and
upper sequence can be attributed to an- other remains were recorded during the
otherculturalphaseregionallyknownasthe excavation in order to create distribution
PapudoCulturalComplex(Me´ndezandJack- plans.Profiledrawingsrecordedthestratig-
son2006).OthersettlementsoftheHuente- raphyoftheexcavationunits,allowingusto
JOURNALOFISLAND&COASTALARCHAEOLOGY 137
5 5 5 5
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
2 2 2 2
z z z z
e de de de de
nc ´en ´en ´en ´en
e M M M M
r
e d d d d
Ref an an cle an an cle
son son arti son son arti
k k s k k s
c c hi c c hi
Ja Ja T Ja Ja T
2 2 2
8 0 9 1 7
◦N 10 68 56 27 10 18
ab. L-1 -10 680 -55 -94 -34
15 L NSR Beta OS- Beta Beta Beta
0
2
e
n
26 Ju ple shell shell al shell shell al
8:26 Sam arine arine harco arine arine harco
0 M M C M M C
at
]
e
hil )
C a
m
y [Universidad de 98A). CalyrBP (Res.effect,2sig 12,630–11094 12,038–10,341 / 11,180–9,708 10,627–9,258 /
b 0
d V
e L
d (
Downloa ˜´PuntaNague CalyrBP (2sigma) / / 2,664–12,040 / / 0,491–10,183
m 1 1
o
r
f
s
date BP ±80±70±50±80±60±40
carbon 14Cyr 11,100 10,600 10,550 10.120 9,730 9,160
o
di
a
R
e
1. al nc
Table Cultur seque Lower Lower Lower Middle Middle Middle
138
Early Archaic Fishing in the North Coast of Chile
Table2. ExcavatedareaandvolumebyculturalsequenceatPuntaN˜ague´(LV098A).
Culturalsequence Excavatedarea Estimatedvolume
Upper 9m2 4.4m3
Middle 32m2 86m3
Lower 20m2 3.4m3
Total 61m2 16.4m3
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D
Figure3. OtolithsofthemainsciaenidspeciesidentifiedatPuntaN˜agu´e(LV098A):a–bSciaena
deliciosa;c–dCilusgilberti.Scalebar:1cm.
JOURNALOFISLAND&COASTALARCHAEOLOGY 139
Philippe Be´arez et al.
definethedistinctculturalsequencesofthe W =0.000013761 × TL2,9651,
cg
sitemoreclearly.
Fishremainswereidentifiedtothemost whereTListotallengthoffish,OHisotolith
precise taxonomic level possible (genus or height,andWisliveweightoffish.Species
species level) based on direct comparison name abbreviations are sd for S. deliciosa
withskeletonsfromthereferencecollection andcgforC.gilberti.Measurementunitsare
housedattheMuse´umnationald’histoirena- millimetersandgrams.
turelle(Paris,France).Specimensofalltaxa Radiocarbondateswerecalibratedto2
were counted and weighed to 0.01 g. Ba- sigmaswithOxcal4.2(BronkRamsey2009)
sic quantification of taxa was calculated as withthecurveShCal13(Hoggetal.2013)and
NumberofIdentifiedSpecimens(NISP)and expressedincalibratedyearsbeforepresent
specimenweight.TheMinimumNumberof (calBP).Themarinereservoireffectwasesti-
Individuals (MNI) was estimated based on matedin911 ± 278years[R + (cid:2)R=400 +
laterality and size for paired specimens or (511 ± 278)]followingOrtliebetal.(2011),
bydividingtheNISPbythenumberofpos- and this correction was used for all marine
15 sible specimens per individual in the case dates.
20 ofunpairedspecimens(vertebrae,forexam-
e ple).Theoriginallivesizeandweightofthe
n
26 Ju fiwsihthwreefreereensctiemsakteedletboynsdiorrecutsicnogmapllaormisoent- RESULTS
6 ric regression formulae applied to otoliths
2 Atotalof9265fishbones,weighing782.7g,
08: (Be´arez 2000). The relationship between were examined (Table 3). Of these, 4092
at bodyweightorlengthandspecimenweight (532g)couldbeidentified,withalargema-
e] orlengthisbestdescribedbyapowerequa- joritytakentospecieslevel(91%ofNISP).In
hil tion,takingintoaccountallometricgrowth spiteoftheabundanceofvertebrae,which
C (HuxleyandTeissier1936):
e are often more difficult to identify, and the
d
d rather poor conservation of the bony ele-
da Y=aXb. ments,thisgivesagoodidentificationratio
si of 44% by NISP, and 68% by weight. The
r
e
v otolithsarewellrepresentedandpreserved
Uni The maximal length and height of each (Figure 3), with a total of 329, mostly from
by [ swaigtihttaad(isgaitcacluclaalripoetrotloith0).01wmerme,mfoellaoswurinedg sucsieadenfoidrssi(z9e5r%e)c.oTnwstorusecttsioonf:o1to1l2itfhosrcSociualdenbae
d Schwarzhans (1993). The weight was also
e deliciosaand197forCilusgilberti.
oad measured to the nearest 0.01 g. Then the Almostalloftheidentifiedtaxaarebony
nl regression formulae established by Be´arez fish(Teleostei)belongingto16families,16
w (2012)wasappliedtothetwomainsciaenids
o genera,andatleast23species(Table3).Four
D identified among the fish remains: Sciaena
familiesrepresent83%oftheNISP,i.e.,Sci-
deliciosa (Tschudi 1846) and Cilus gilberti
aenidae (drums) with 30% (60.7% of bone
(Abbott 1899). The adopted method is a
weight),Clupeidae(menhadens)with21%,
two-stepmethod(seeCasteel1976).Otolith
Haemulidae (grunts) with 20%, and Aplo-
heightwaschosenformeasurementbecause
dactylidae (marblefishes) with 12%. Carti-
itisthedimensionmostfrequentlypreserved
laginousfishes(Chondrichthyes)arealmost
whensagittaearebroken.Theequationsare
entirely absent, being represented by only
thefollowing:
twovertebraefromanangelshark(Squatina
armata).
TL =18.989 × OH1,5584, Thevarietyofidentifiedspeciesincludes
sd
fishfromsandyhabitatsandespeciallyfrom
rockyshores.Themullet(Mugilsp.)occurs
W =0.0000099899 × TL3,0243,
sd in coastal or estuary environments, which
existed near the shores of Punta N˜ague´.
TL =12.292 × OH1,8128, Two species of sciaenids are represented:
cg
140 VOLUME10•ISSUE1• 2015