The Islets of Langerhans

799 Pages·2010·9.425 MB·English

by  Peter In’t Veld, Miriam Marichal (auth.), Md. Shahidul Islam (eds.)

The Islets of Langerhans
ADVANCESINEXPERIMENTALMEDICINEANDBIOLOGY
EditorialBoard:
NATHANBACK,StateUniversityofNewYorkatBuffalo
IRUNR.COHEN,TheWeizmannInstituteofScience
ABELLAJTHA,N.S.KlineInstituteforPsychiatricResearch
JOHND.LAMBRIS,UniversityofPennsylvania
RODOLFOPAOLETTI,UniversityofMilan
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Volume653 TARGETPATTERNRECOGNITIONININNATEIMMUNITY
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Md. Shahidul Islam
Editor
The Islets of Langerhans
123
Editor
Md.ShahidulIslam
KarolinskaInstitutet
DepartmentofClinicalSciences
andEducation,Södersjukhuset
SE-11883Stockholm
Sweden
and
UppsalaUniversityHospital
ARDivision
Uppsala,Sweden
ISBN978-90-481-3270-6 e-ISBN978-90-481-3271-3
DOI10.1007/978-90-481-3271-3
SpringerDordrechtHeidelbergLondonNewYork
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Thisbookisdedicatedtothelivingmemoryof
HenrikKindmark,M.D.,Ph.D.,(1964–2009)

Preface
Whennewfellowsjoinmylab,Igivethemsomereadingmaterialssothattheycan
orient themselves in their assignment in a new field. When fellows leave my lab,
some after writing their dissertations, I prefer to give them a book as a symbolic
present.Iwaslongingforabookthatcontainedsomethingonmoreorlessevery-
thingabouttheislets.Atthesametime,Iwisheditcontainedinformationasrecent
aspossible.Thereareafewsuchbooksinthemarketbuttheyareprettyoutdated.I
startedpickingisletsmyselffromOctober1990,whenIjoinedtheRolfLuftCenter,
Karolinska Institutet. Over the years my fascination for islet research remained
high. Since last year, I felt a stronger urge to do more for these mysterious and
hiddenmini-organsthataredirectlyorindirectlyinvolvedinthepathogenesisofall
formsofdiabetesthataffects∼250millionpeopleintheworld.AfterIlaunchedthe
Islet(landesbioscience.com/journals/islets)andfoundedtheIsletSociety(isletsoci-
ety.org),therewasamomentumthatcouldbeutilizedtocreatesomethingequally
meaningfuli.e.thisbook.
The idea cracked in September 2008. Starting September 19, 2008, I contacted
an estimated 90% of the authors who published anything on the islets during
2007–2008andwhocouldbetracedfromtheinternet.Iaskedthemtoproposethe
titleofonechapterthattheywouldliketoseeinthisbookandtoproposethename
of potential author(s) who could contribute the chapter. This bottom-up approach
tuned the final contents of the book to the need of its potential users. The authors
whocontributedthechapterareunderstandablytheoneswhohadtime,competence,
andinteresttowritebroadandbalancedoverviewsofthebackgroundsandadvances
intheirrespectiveareasofresearch.Together,theyspentthousandsofhourstodo
the necessary research to put together their chapters and to include in these their
ownviews,aswellasdirectionsforthefuture.Allbutthreechapterswentthrough
time-consuming anonymous peer-review processes. My communications with the
authors and referees were smooth and effective. The commitments and the enthu-
siasmoftheauthorskeptusallsteadyonthetrack.Theonlychapter thatwasnot
deliveredintimewasmyownthatwascompletedonJuly12,2009.
Inthisbookonewillfindtopicsonavarietyofaspectsoftheisletsandthetop-
ics are ordered in a logical way. The anatomy, development, evolution, histology,
ultra-structure, regulation of hormone secretion, electrophysiology, mathematical
modeling, intracellular signaling mechanisms, apoptosis, mitochondrial functions,
vii
viii Preface
islet transplantation, mechanisms of immune destruction, and prospects for regen-
erative medicine are examples of topics that have been included in this book. But
it is by no means complete. For instance, I could not persuade any one to con-
tributeachapter onisletamyloidpolypeptide andamyloids.Bythetimethebook
reaches the readers, other exciting new areas may emerge in this fascinating field
ofresearch.Readerswillbenefitmaximumiftheytakethecontentsofthisbookas
starting points, take everything they read with a pinch of salt, reflect, and do their
ownresearchintotherespectivesubjectmatters.Thisiswhatactivelearningis.
“A man would do nothing, if he waited until he could do it so well that no one
wouldfindanyfaultwithwhathehasdone”–CardinalNewman.Therearecertainly
some mistakes that I am not aware of. Prospective readers may see this book as a
beta version and register the bugs at http://isletbook.islets.se, so that they can be
fixedinthenext(beta)version.
I admire the authors who have put their hearts and minds into their respective
chapters.Otherpotentialauthors,amongstthem,SusanBonner-Weir,andMichael
Dabrowski,tonameafew,couldnotcontributeachapter,buthelpedoutbyrecom-
mendingotherswhodidcontribute.Iamthankfultothereviewerswhosecomments
wereextremelyhelpfulformakingdecisionsandrevisions.ThankstoMelaniaRuiz
who handled the practical aspects so efficiently. Thanks to our near and dear ones
whoperhapsdidnotreceiveenoughattentionbecauseofourintensiveengagement
withthewritingbutwerestilltolerantandsupportive.Finally,Iamgratefultothe
Karolinska Institute, my alma mater, for ensuring the infrastructure that supports
creativity.Theprefacewaswrittenonaboat,asitwascruisingherwayacrossthe
beautifularchipelagothatsymbolizesisletssowell.
July18,2009
OnboardSiljaSerenadebetween Md.ShahidulIslam
StockholmandHelsinki
Contents
1 MicroscopicAnatomyoftheHumanIsletofLangerhans . . . . . . 1
PeterIn’tVeldandMiriamMarichal
2 TheComparativeAnatomyofIslets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
R.ScottHeller
3 Approaches for Imaging Islets: Recent Advances
andFutureProspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
UlfAhlgrenandMartinGotthardt
4 IsletCellDevelopment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
AnabelRojas,AdrianKhoo,JuanR.Tejedo,
FranciscoJ.Bedoya,BernatSoriaandFranzMartín
5 HighFatProgrammingofβ-CellFailure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
MarlonE.Cerf
6 Nutrient Regulation of Insulin Secretion and β-Cell
FunctionalIntegrity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
PhilipNewsholme,CelineGaudel,andNevilleH.McClenaghan
7 ElectrophysiologyofIsletCells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
GiselaDrews,PeterKrippeit-Drews,andMartinaDüfer
8 ATP-SensitivePotassiumChannelsinHealthandDisease . . . . . 165
RebeccaClarkandPeterProks
9 RoleofMitochondriainβ-cellFunctionandDysfunction . . . . . . 193
PierreMaechler,NingLi,MarinaCasimir,LaurèneVetterli,
FrancescaFrigerio,andThierryBrun
10 BasementMembraneinPancreaticIsletFunction . . . . . . . . . . 217
MartinKraglandEckhardLammert
11 CalciumSignalingintheIslets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
M.ShahidulIslam
ix
x Contents
12 Electrical Bursting, Calcium Oscillations, and
SynchronizationofPancreaticIslets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
RichardBertram,ArthurSherman,andLeslieS.Satin
13 CyclicAMPSignalinginPancreaticIslets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
BrianFurman,WeeKiatOng,andNigelJ.Pyne
14 ExocytosisinIsletβ-Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
HaruoKasai,HiroyasuHatakeyama,MitsuyoOhno,and
NorikoTakahashi
15 The Novel Roles of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1,
AngiotensinII,andVitaminDinIsletFunction . . . . . . . . . . . 339
PoSingLeungandQianniCheng
16 ProteomicsandIsletResearch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
MeftunAhmed
17 WntSignalinginPancreaticIslets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
ZhengyuLiuandJoelF.Habener
18 Molecular Pathways Underlying the Pathogenesis of
Pancreaticα-CellDysfunction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
DanKawamori,HannahJ.Welters,andRohitN.Kulkarni
19 MechanismsofPancreaticβ-CellApoptosisinDiabetesand
ItsTherapies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447
JamesD.JohnsonandDanS.Luciani
20 β-CellFunctioninObese-HyperglycemicMice[ob/obMice] . . . . 463
PerLindström
21 IsletStructureandFunctionintheGKRat . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479
BernardPortha,GrégoryLacraz,AudreyChavey,Florence
Figeac,MagaliFradet,CécileTourrel-Cuzin,Françoise
Homo-Delarche,Marie-HéléneGiroix,DanièleBailbé,
Marie-NoëlleGangnerau,andJamilehMovassat
22 Theβ-CellinHumanType2Diabetes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501
PieroMarchetti,RobertoLupi,SilviaDelGuerra,
MarcoBugliani,LorellaMarselli,andUgoBoggi
23 ClinicalApproachestoPreserveβ-CellFunctioninDiabetes . . . . 515
BernardoLéoWajchenberg
24 Immunologyofβ-CellDestruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537
Daria LaTorreandÅkeLernmark
25 Toll-LikeReceptorsandType1Diabetes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585
DannyZipris
26 Preventionofβ-CellDestructioninAutoimmuneDiabetes:
CurrentApproachesandFutureProspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611
SaikiranK.SedimbiandCaraniB.Sanjeevi