The Investiture Controversy: Church and Monarchy from the Ninth to the Twelfth Century

214 Pages·2010·4.214 MB·English

by  Uta-Renate Blumenthal

THE INVESTITURE CONTROVERSY
University of Pennsylvania Press
MIDDLE AGES SERIES
Edited by
EDWARD PETERS
Henry Charles Lea Professor of Medieval History
University of Pennsylvania
T HE
I N V E S T I T U RE
C O N T R O V E R SY
Church and Monarchy from the
Ninth to the Twelfth Century
UTA-RENATE BLUMENTHAL
Translation by the Author
UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA PRES S
Philadelphia
English translation Copyright © 1988 by the University of
Pennsylvania Press
All rights reserved
Printed in the United States of America
Copyright © 1982 by Verlag W. Kohlhammer GmbH, Stuttgart,
Berlin, Cologne, and Mainz, by arrangement with EULAMA, Rome.
The maps included in this volume are based on maps in William R.
Shepherd, Shepherd's Historical Atlas, 9th edition, revised and
updated, 1980. Permission is granted by Barnes & Noble Books,
Totowa, New Jersey.
Second paperback printing 1995
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Blumenthal, Uta-Renate, 1935-
[Investiturstreit. English]
The investiture controversy: church and monarchy from the ninth
to the twelfth century / Uta-Renate Blumenthal; translation by the
author.
p. cm.—(Middle Ages)
Translation of: Der Investiturstreit.
Bibliography: p.
Includes index.
ISBN 0-8122-8112-8
ISBN 0-8122-1386-6 (pbk)
1. Investiture. 2. Monasticism and religious orders—Europe—
History. 3. Church and state—Europe—History. 4. Europe—Church
history—Middle Ages, 600-1500. I. Title. II. Series.
BX1198.B5813 1988
262'.12—dc19 88-10600
CIP
Maps by Anne Marie Palagano
FOR BARBARA
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CONTENTS
Preface to the English Edition ix
General Bibliography xi
Maps xv
Abbreviations xxi
1 Piety and Monastic Reform During the Tenth and Early 1
Eleventh Centuries
Churches and Monasteries in the Ninth Century 1
The Beginnings of the Monastic Reform in Lotharingia 7
The Beginnings of Cluny 11
Monastic Reform and the Eremitical Movement in Italy 19
Bibliography for Chapter 1 22
Collected Papers • General • Viking Invasions • Ecclesiastical
Constitutions, the Proprietary Church, and Monastic
Exemption • Monastic Reform • Lotharingia and Germany •
Cluny • Monastic Renewal in Italy • Monastic Renewal in
England • Monastic Renewal in Other Countries
2 The German Emperors and the Legacy of Rome 28
The Monarchy Under the Ottonian and Early Salian Dynasties 28
The Successors of the Ottomans 41
The First Salians 45
Bibliography for Chapter 2 58
Social Structure • German Kingship • The Ottomans •
Henry III
3 Reform and Rome 64
Monastic Renewal and Reform of the Church at Large 64
Pope Leo IX, His Collaborators, and Reforms at the Curia 70
The Papacy and the Normans 79
The Papacy and Germany During the Minority of Henry IV 84
Bibliography for Chapter 3 99
General • Cluny and the Reform • Peter Damian • Humbert
of Silva Candida • The Regular Canons • Canon Law •
College of Cardinals • The Normans • Milan and the Pataria •
viii CONTENTS
The Papacy • The Papal Election Decree of 1059 • The Papal
Chancery • The Papal Administration • Simony
4 Henry IV and Gregory VII 106
The Minority of Henry IV, 1056-1065 106
The Saxon Revolts 110
The Struggle Between Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII 113
Bibliography for Chapter 4 127
General • The Episcopacy • Pope Gregory VII • Dictatus
Papae • Canossa • Monastic Reform and the Nobility •
Saxony • Polemics
5 The Controversy Over Investitures in England, France, 135
and Germany Under Gregory's Successors
Pope Urban II, Investiture, and Hominium 135
The Investiture Conflict in England 142
France and the Investiture Question 159
The Peace Between Church and Empire: The Concordat of 167
Worms
Bibliography for Chapter 5 174
General • England and Normandy • France • The Crusades
The Worms Agreements
Index 183
PREFACE TO THE ENGLISH EDITION
As succinctly as possible this book describes the roots of a set of ideals
that effected a radical transformation of eleventh-century European so-
ciety that led to the confrontation between church and monarchy known
as the investiture struggle or Gregorian reform. Ideas cannot be divorced
from reality, especially not in the Middle Ages. I present them, therefore,
in their contemporary political, social, and cultural context. Because of
the brevity of this book, I was able in only a few instances to discuss the
background in any detail, and I particularly regret that I could not give
more space to social and urban developments. However, the bibliogra-
phies at the end of each chapter provide an introduction to the extensive
historiography pertaining to the various topics touched on in the text.
This book, a result of many years of research in connection with work on
the later reform, does not intend to replace text- and handbooks. Some of
them are excellent. The text indicates where my views are particularly in-
fluenced by the work of other scholars or where we disagree. Necessary
translations of quotations into English are my own.
Chapter 5 and the bibliography of the original German edition have
been extensively revised. Der Investiturstreit grew out of stimulating con-
versations with Professor Peter Herde, Würzburg, and I would like to
thank him here once again. This English translation would never have
been completed without the invaluable help and encouragement of my
sister, Barbara Motyka. I dedicate the book to her with profound grati-
tude. I would also like to thank Professor Ed Peters, who kindly read the
manuscript, and Mrs. Jo Mugnolo of the University of Pennsylvania
Press.
Hyattsville, Maryland
June 1987