The Interplay between Urban Development, Vulnerability, and Risk Management: A Case Study of the Istanbul Metropolitan Area

118 Pages·2013·4.66 MB·English

by  Ebru A. Gencer (auth.)

SPRINGER BRIEFS IN ENVIRONMENT, SECURITY,
DEVELOPMENT AND PEACE  MEDITERRANEAN STUDIES
Ebru A. Gencer
The Interplay Between
Urban Development,
Vulnerability, and
Risk Management
A Case Study of the
Istanbul Metropolitan
Area
SpringerBriefs in Environment, Security,
Development and Peace
Mediterranean Studies
Volume 7
Series Editor
Hans Günter Brauch
For furthervolumes:
http://www.springer.com/series/11792
http://www.afes-press-books.de/html/SpringerBriefs_ESDP.htm
Ebru A. Gencer
The Interplay Between
Urban Development,
Vulnerability, and Risk
Management
A Case Study of the Istanbul
Metropolitan Area
123
Ebru A.Gencer
CUDRR
New York
USA
ISSN 2196-5469 ISSN 2196-5447 (electronic)
ISBN 978-3-642-29469-3 ISBN 978-3-642-29470-9 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-29470-9
SpringerHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2013936953
(cid:2)TheAuthor(s)2013
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Acknowledgments
Theresearchinthisbookwasprimarilyaccomplishedformydoctoraldissertation
(Gencer 2007) at Columbia University and it has been possible with the help and
support of many individuals and institutions. First, I must thank my dissertation
committee and most importantly my sponsor, Elliott Sclar, who supported me
throughout my tenure at Columbia University’s Urban Planning Program.
ProVention Consortium provided me funding to conduct field research in
Turkey. I would like to thank the Consortium and the World Bank, which facil-
itated the development of my research through their Web-based discussions and
forums in the Young Professionals Applied Grants Program.
My research in Istanbul would not have been possible without the help and
assistance of my interview respondents in district municipalities. In Istanbul,
I would also like to acknowledge the support of my colleagues at Mimar Sinan
University’s Urban Planning Program, and of Gülay Barbarosogˆlu at Bogˆaziçi
University’sCENDIM(CenterforDisasterManagement)andMustafaErdikatits
Kandilli Observatory.
I am also thankful to the editor of the Springer Series, Hans Gunter Brauch,
who gave me the opportunity to publish this research on the Springer Briefs on
ESDP.Ishouldacknowledgethatpreviousversionsofpartsofmyresearchinthis
book are published in Gencer (2008, 2011).
Iillustratedthisbookwithmyownfiguresandgraphs(Figs. 2.1, 2.2, 2.3,3.15,
4.2),graphicaladaptation(Figs.3.9,3.12, 4.3),andphotographs(Figs.2.4,2.5,2.6,
2.7,3.8,3.13,3.14,4.4,4.5,4.6).Severalfiguresareinthepublicdomain(Figs.3.7,
3.9,3.10,3.11,3.16,3.17,4.1,4.7)orusedwiththecourtesyoftheorganizations
which hold copyrights (Figs. 3.1, 3.2, 3.3). One figure (Fig. 3.5) is used with the
courtesy of and as a registered member of the Earthquake Engineering Research
CenteroftheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley. Fortheremaining(Figs. 3.4and
3.6),Iobtainedpermissionfromthecopyrightholder.
The aim of this book is to make a difference in the way our cities can be
planned and managed, reducing disaster risks and creating sustainable communi-
ties. I would like to dedicate this book to a disaster-free future for Istanbul and
Istanbulites.
v
vi Acknowledgments
References
Gencer EA (2007) The interplay between natural disasters, vulnerability, and sustainable
development.Ph.Ddiss.NewYork,ColumbiaUniversity
GencerEA(2008)Naturaldisasters,vulnerability,andsustainabledevelopment:examiningthe
interplay,globaltrends,andlocalpracticesinIstanbul.VDMVerlag,Saarbrucken
GencerEA(2011)RiskmanagementstrategiesforthepredictedearthquakehazardinIstanbul.
In: Brauch HG, Spring OU, Kameri-Mbote P, Mesjasz C, Grin J, Chourou B, Dunay P,
Birkmann J (eds) Coping with global environmental change, disasters and security threats,
challenges,vulnerabilitiesandrisks.Springer,NewYork,pp655–667
Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Research Questions and Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1.1 Research Design and Data Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 Theoretical Framework and Significance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3 Outline of the Book. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2 Natural Disasters, Urban Vulnerability, and Risk Management:
A Theoretical Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.1 Disaster Patterns and Definitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.2 Urbanization and Natural Disasters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2.1 Urbanization and Climate Change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.3 Vulnerability and Risk Reduction in Urban Areas. . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.3.1 Vulnerability in Informal Settlements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3 The Making of a Disaster: Earthquake Hazard and Urban
Development in Istanbul. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3.1 Earthquake Hazard and Risk in the Istanbul
Metropolitan Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.1.1 Tectonic Setting and the 1999 Marmara Earthquakes . . . 46
3.1.2 Earthquake Hazard Assessment and Vulnerability
Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.2 The Development of the Istanbul Metropolitan Area . . . . . . . . . 52
3.2.1 The Development of Istanbul from the Establishment
to the Republic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
3.2.2 1923–1950: Planning in the Nation-State. . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.2.3 1950–1960: Planning Faces Gecekondu. . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
3.2.4 1960–1980: Planning the Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
3.2.5 1980–1999: Planning the Globalizing City. . . . . . . . . . . 70
3.3 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
vii
viii Contents
4 Post-Disaster Planning and Risk Management in Istanbul. . . . . . . 83
4.1 Risk and Urban Management Following
the 1999 Earthquakes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
4.2 Istanbul Earthquake Master Plan and Urban
Transformation Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
4.3 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
5 Conclusion: Sustainable Urban Development and Good
Urban Governance for Disaster Risk Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Author Biography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Abbreviations
AFAD Province Disaster and Emergency Directorate [Il Afet ve Acil
Durum Mudurlugu]
AICP American Institute of Certified Planners
AKOM Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Disaster Coordination Cen-
tre [Afet Koordinasyon Merkezi]
APA American Planning Association
AUDMP Asian Urban Disaster Mitigation Program
AVSI Association of Volunteers for International Service
AYM Istanbul Governorship Disaster Management Centre [Afet
Yönetim Merkezi]
BIMTAS Istanbul Engineering and Consultancy Services Cooperation
[Bog˘aziçi Insaat ve Muhendislik Anonim Sirketi]
BU Bog˘aziçi University [Bog˘aziçi Üniversitesi]
CENDIM Center for Disaster Management
CONDER Urban Development Company of the State of Bahai
CRED Center for Research on Epidemiology of Disasters
CU Columbia University
DASK Natural Disasters Insurance Institution [Dogal Afet Sigortalari
Kurumu]
DMMP Disaster Management Master Plan
DPT Turkey’s State Planning Organization [Devlet Planlama
Te(cid:2)skilatı]
EERI Earthquake Engineering Research Institute
EM-DAT Emergency Database
EMI Earthquakes and Megacities Initiative
EMPI Earthquake Mitigation Plan for Istanbul
EMS European Macro-Seismic Scale
FEMA Federal Emergency Management Agency
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GFDRR Global Facility for Disaster Risk Reduction
GIS Geographical Information Systems
ix
x Abbreviations
HAZUS Hazard US
I_B Istanbul Municipality [Istanbul Belediyesi]
I_BB Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality [Istanbul Büyük(cid:2)sehir
Belediyesi]
IBHS Institute for Business and Home Safety
ICLEI International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives
IEMP Istanbul Earthquake Master Plan
IMM Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality
IMP Istanbul Metropolitan Planning and Design Center [Istanbul
Metropolitan Planlama ve Tasarim Merkezi]
IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
ISOCARP International Society of City and Regional Planning
I_TÜ Istanbul Technical University [I_stanbul Teknik Üniversitesi]
JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency
KHK Decree Law [Kanun Hukmunde Kararname]
METU Middle East Technical University [Orta Dogˆu Teknik
Üniversitesi]
NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NEHRP National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program
NGO Non-Governmental Organization
NIBS National Institute for Building Sciences
NSF National Science Foundation
OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
OFDA Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance
OYO OYO Corporation
PCI Pacific Consultants International
SPARC Society for the Promotion of Area Resource Centres
SPDMI Strategic Plan for Disaster Mitigation in Istanbul
TAY Turkish Emergency Management Directorate [Türkiye Afet
Yönetimi]
TCBI_B Turkish Republic Ministry of Development [Turkiye Cumh-
uriyeti Bayındırlık ve I_skan Bakanlıgˆı]
TCI_BB Turkish Republic Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality [Turkiye
Cumhuriyeti I_stanbul Büyük(cid:2)sehir Belediyesi]
TCIP Turkish Catastrophe Insurance Pool
TCI_V Turkish Republic Istanbul Governorate [Turkiye Cumhuriyeti
I_stanbul Valiligˆi]
TMMOB S(cid:2)PO Turkish Union of Architects and Engineers, Chamber of
Planners [Türkiye Mimarlar Muhendisler Odalar Birligi, S(cid:2)ehir
Plancıları Odası]
TPOB Turkish Union ofPlanning Schools [Türkiye Planlama Okulları
Birligˆi]
TRGIM Turkish Republic Greater Istanbul Municipality [Türkiye
Cumhuriyeti Büyük Istanbul Belediyesi]