the insects and arachnids of canada part 1

186 Pages·2010·14.16 MB·English

THE INSECTS
AND ARACHNIDS
OF CANADA
PART 1
Collecting, Preparing
and Preserving Insec
Mites, and pide
Agriculture
Canada

THE INSECTS
AND ARACHNIDS
OF CANADA
PART 1
Collecting, Preparing,
and Preserving Insects,
Mites, and Spiders
Compiled by
J. E. H. Martin
Biosystcmatics Research Institute
Ottawa, Ontario
Research Branch
Canada Department of Agriculture
Publication 1643 1977
©MinisterofSupplyandServicesCanada 1978
Available bymailfrom
Printingand Publishing
SupplyandServicesCanada
Hull,Quebec,Canada KIAOS9
orthroughyourbookseller.
CatalogueNo. A42-421l977-1 Canada: $3.50
ISBN0-660-01650-8 Othercountries: $4.20
Pricesubjecttochangewithoutnotice.
Printed by Kromar Printing Ltd.
02KT.OIA05-7-38911
The Insects and Arachnids of Canada.
Part 2. The Bark Beetles of Canada
and Alaska (Coleoptera: Scolytidae),
by Donald E. Bright, Jr.,
Biosystematics Research Institute,
Ottawa, was published in 1976.
Part 3. The Aradidae of Canada
(Hemiptera: Aradidae),
by Ryuichi Matsuda,
Biosystematics Research Institute,
Ottawa, was published in 1977.
Part 4. The Anthocoridae of Canada
and Alaska (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae),
by Leonard A. Kelton,
Biosystematics Research Institute,
Ottawa, is in press.

Contents
Foreword 9
Introduction 11
Equipment and methods for collecting 11
General-purpose nets 11
Nets for flying insects 14
Lights and light traps 15
Baits and bait traps 20
Othertraps for flying insects 23
Malaise traps 23
Window traps 28
Tent-window traps 28
Visual-attraction traps 30
Pantraps 30
Baits 31
Sweeping 33
Beating 34
Emergence cages and separators 40
Searching 42
Barking 42
Mammal nests 43
Aspirator 43
Collectingleafmining insects 46
Collecting and extracting arthropods from debris 47
Berlese funnel 47
Sifter and photoeclector 54
Collecting and extracting burrowing and boring arthropods 56
Collecting aquaticinsects and mites 57
Aquatic traps 63
Lentic environment traps ,.......................................................... 63
Surface emergence traps 64
Tow traps 65
Benthonic samplers 65
Lotic environments 66
Collecting ectoparasites of vertebrates 67
Collecting mites associated with invertebrates 69
Rearing 70
Killing agents and killing bottles 73
Equipment and methods for preserving and mounting 79
Relaxing 79
Cleaning 81
Temporary storage in papers 82
Temporarystorage by refrigeration 84
Temporary storage by layering 85
Direct pinning 85
Double mounting 90
Spreading .. 90
Adhesives and pointing 94
Preservation in liquids 98
Dry preservation of soft-bodied insects 101
Microscopical preparations 102
Insects 102
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Mites 107
Data labels 109
Storage and care of collections 113
Storage and care of pinned insects 113
Storage of a collection preserved in liquid 116
Storage of microscope slides 116
Packinginsects and arachnids for shipment 118
Studying the collection 122
Applying the methods 124
Thysanura 124
Diplura 125
Collembola and Protura 125
Orthoptera and Dermaptera 125
Plecoptera 128
Isoptera 128
Corrodentia 128
Mallophaga 128
Anoplura 129
Ephemeroptera 130
Odonata 131
Thysanoptera 132
Hemiptera(includingHeteropteraandHomoptera) 133
Preserving and mounting Hemiptera 134
Preserving and mounting Aphidoidea,
Coccoidea, and Aleyrodoidea : 135
Megaloptera 136
Neuroptera 137
Mecoptera 137
Trichoptera 137
Lepidoptera 138
Coleoptera 142
Strepsiptera 145
Hymenoptera 146
Symphyta 146
Ichneumonoidea 147
Microhymenoptera 148
Apoidea, Sphecoidea, Vespoidea, Scolioidea 151
Formicidae 151
Diptera 152
Collecting adults 152
Assembly sites 153
Artificial light 153
Sunlight 153
Traps 153
Chemicals 154
Unbaited traps 154
Pan traps 155
Preserving and mounting 155
Pinning 155
Freeze-drying 156
Double mounts 156
Pinning from alcohol 156
Dissected genitalia 157
Microscopic mounts 157
Collecting and rearing immature stages 157
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Aquatic larvae 158
Leafminers 158
Soil-dwelling larvae 158
Larvae in decaying vegetation 159
Carrion and dung feeders : 159
0
Parasites 159
Aphid predators 159
Larvaland pupal exuviae 159
Siphonaptera 161
Acari (mites) 162
Ixodides 167
Araneae 167
Formulas 169
References 172
Index 175
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