The Insect Viruses

427 Pages·1998·12.92 MB·English

by  Linda A. King, Nicola Wilkinson, Davin P. Miller, Susan A. Marlow (auth.), Lois K. Miller

The
Insect Viruses
THE VIRUSES
Series Editors
HEINZ FRAENKEL-CONRAT, University of California
Berkeley, California
ROBERT R. WAGNER, University of Virginia School of Medicine
Charlottesville, Virginia
THE VIRUSES: Catalogue, Characterization, and Classification
Heinz Fraenkel-Conrat
Other volumes in the series:
THE BACULOVIRUSES
Edited by Lois K. Miller
THE BUNYAVIRIDAE
Edited by Richard M. Elliott
THE CORONAV IRIDAE
Edited by Stuart G. Siddell
THE INSECT VIRUSES
Edited by Lois K. Miller and L. Andrew Ball
THE PA POVAV IRIDAE
Volume 1 • Edited by Norman P. Salzman
Volume 2· Edited by Norman P. Salzman and Peter M. Howley
THE PARAMYXOVIRUSES
Edited by David W. Kingsbury
THE PARVOVIRUSES
Edited by Kenneth I. Berns
THE PLANT VIRUSES
Volume 1 • Edited by R. I. B. Francki
Volume 2· Edited by M. H. V. Van Regenmortel and Heinz Fraenkel-Conrat
Volume 3 • Edited by Renate Koenig
Volume 4· Edited by R. G. Milne
Volume 5 • Edited by B. D. Harrison and A. F. Murant
THE REOVIRIDAE
Edited by Wolfgang K. Joklik
THE RETROVIRIDAE
Volumes 1-4 • Edited by Jay A. Levy
THE RHABDOVIRUSES
Edited by Robert R. Wagner
THE TOGAV IRIDAE AND FLAV IVIRIDAE
Edited by Sondra Schlesinger and Milton J. Schlesinger
THE VIROIDS
Edited by T. O. Diener
A complete listing of volumes in this series appears at the back of this volume.
The
Insect Viruses
Edited by
LOIS K. MILLER
The University of Georgia
Athens, Georgia
and
L. ANDREW BALL
University of Alabama at Birmingham
Brrmingham,iUabama
SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, LLC
Llbrarv of Congre •• C8taloglng-ln-Publlcatlon Data
Tha Insact vlrusas I adlted by Lols K. Mlller and L. Andraw BaII.
p. cm. -- (Vlrusas)
Includas blbllographlcal rafarancas and Index.
ISBN 978-1-4613-7437-4 ISBN 978-1-4615-5341-0 (eBook)
DOI 978-1-4615-5341-0
1. Insacts--Vlrusas. 1. Mlllar, Lols K. II. BaII, L. Andraw
(Lauranca Andrew), 1944- III. Sarlas.
CR327.I57 1998
579.2·3--dc~1 98-27923
CIP
ISBN 978-1-4613 -7437-4
©1998 Springer Science+Business Media New York
Original1y published by Plenum Press, New York in 1998
lO987654321
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or
by any means, electronic, mechanica1, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without
written permission from the Publisher
Contributors
1. Andrew Ball, Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at
Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
Barry Beaty, Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department
of Microbiology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1682
Serge Belloncik, Centre de Recherche en Virologie, Institut Armand-Frappier,
Laval H7N 4Z3, Canada
Max Bergoin, Station de Recherches de Pathologie Comparee, INRA-UA CNRS
1184, 30380 Saint Christol-Iez-Ales, France
John P. Burand, Departments of Entomology and Microbiology, University of
Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
Peter D. Christian, CSIRO Division of Entomology, Canberra, ACT 2601,
Australia
Karl H.J. Gordon, CSIRO Division of Entomology, Canberra, ACT 2601,
Australia
Terry N. Hanzlik, CSIRO Division of Entomology, Canberra, ACT 2601,
Australia
Stephen Higgs, Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Depart-
ment of Microbiology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
80523-1682
John E. Johnson, Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research
Institute, La Jolla, California 92117
Kyle L. Johnson, Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at
Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
Linda A. King, School of Biological and Molecular Sciences, Oxford Brookes
University, Gipsy Lane Campus, Oxford OX3 OBP, United Kingdom
Susan A. Marlow, School of Biological and Molecular Sciences, Oxford Brookes
University, Gipsy Lane Campus, Oxford OX3 OBP, United Kingdom
Davin P. Miller, School of Biological and Molecular Sciences, Oxford Brookes
University, Gipsy Lane Campus, Oxford OX3 OBP, United Kingdom
Lois K. Miller, Departments of Entomology and Genetics, The University of
Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
Hajime Mori, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, Japan
v
vi CONTRIBUTORS
Kenneth Olson, Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Depart-
ment of Microbiology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
80523-1682
Vijay Reddy, Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute,
La Jolla, California 92117
Paul D. Scotti, The Horticulture and Food Research Institute of New Zealand
Ltd., Mt. Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
Peter Tijssen, Centre de Recherche en Virologie, Institut Amand-Frappier,
Universite du Quebec, Laval-des-Rapides, Quebec City, H7N 4Z3, Canada
Bruce A. Webb, Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexing-
ton, Kentucky 40546
Nicola Wilkinson, School of Biological and Molecular Sciences, Oxford Brookes
University, Gipsy Lane Campus, Oxford OX3 OBP, United Kingdom
Trevor Williams, ECOSUR, Tapachula 30700, Chiapas, Mexico
Preface
There are over a million different species of insects, and individually they
outnumber humans by more than 108 to 1. Moreover, some insects live in close
association with both plants and higher animals and naturally exchange viruses
with them. It has even been speculated that viruses in general may have
radiated through the plant and animal kingdoms from common insect origins.
Be that as it may, since insects play pivotal roles in the biosphere, both to the
benefit and detriment of mankind, they and the viruses that infect them are
important subjects for study.
Insects are infected by a diverse medley of viruses, and this volume focuses
on those insect virus families that are found primarily or exclusively in insects.
All major families of insect-selective viruses are covered except for the baculo-
viruses, which were described in a separate volume of The Viruses series.
Included in this volume are the established families of insect viruses, the newly
recognized ascovirus family, and the nudiviruses, which probably represent a
separate family but currently remain unclassified. The coverage of arboviruses
is limited to a single chapter that focuses on their potential utility as vectors
and in insect control. Omitted for practical reasons are several individual insect
viruses that have been described sporadically in the literature and probably
represent novel virus families.
Insect viruses provide novel insights into virus evolution. The polydna-
viruses, for example, appear to have a symbiotic relationship with their insect
hosts, parasitic wasps. The viruses are vertically transmitted and provide a
survival advantage to the wasp by abrogating the protective response of its host.
The nudivinises and ascoviruses may also have a complex mutualistic relation-
ship with their hosts. The entomopoxviruses and insect iridoviruses are dis-
tinctive permutations of their mammalian counterparts, while the tetraviruses
and nodaviruses provide novel variations on the positive-strand ribovirus strat-
egy. Understanding how all these viruses have evolved in their arthropod hosts
is likely to provide important links in understanding the evolution of mam-
malian viruses.
Although most of the viruses covered in this volume have little direct
relevance to human health, they nevertheless represent important viruses from
vii
viii PREFACE
an environmental perspective. Viral diseases in beneficial insects can lead to
ecological problems, while diseases of insect pests are often welcomed as a
means of reducing economic and medical problems. Furthermore, like the
baculoviruses, some of the viruses described in this volume are likely to be-
come valuable tools in the escalating human efforts to control and manipulate
the ecosystem.
The large DNA viruses are described first, beginning with the entomopox-
viruses and iridoviruses, followed by those that rely more heavily on insect vec-
tors for their propagation, and then the small DNA densoviruses. These are fol-
lowed by the RNA viruses, beginning with an account of the three-dimensional
structures of small RNA viruses, followed by chapters describing each of the
major families of insect RNA viruses, and ending with a review of the develop-
ment of arbovirus expression systems and how they may be employed in the
future.
Lois K. Miller
L. Andrew Ball
Contents
Chapter 1
Entomopoxviruses
Linda A. King, Nicola Wilkinson, Davin P. Miller,
and Susan A. Marlow
I. Introduction ................................................. 1
ll. Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
III. Virus Structure .............................................. 3
A. Morphology .............................................. 3
B. Structural Proteins .................. , . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
C. Virion-Associated Enzyme Activities ....................... 4
D. Spheroids ................................................ 5
E. Spindles.................................................. 5
IV. Virus Replication ............................................ 6
A. Pathology ................................................ 6
B. Replication Cycle in Vivo ................................. 7
C. Replication Cycle in Vitro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
V. Entomopoxvirus Genome Structure ........................... 16
A. Entomopoxvirus Genes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
B. Entomopoxvirus Promoters ........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
C. Genetic Modification of the Entomopoxvirus Genome . . . . . . . 23
VI. Biological Control ..................................... , ... " . 24
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Chapter 2
Invertebrate Iridescent Viroses
Trevor Williams
I. Introduction ................................................. 31
ll. Classification .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
ix
x CONTENTS
A. Problems with the Established Classification of Iridescent
"Viruses ................................................... 32
B. New Changes in the Classification of Iridescent Viruses. .. . . 33
C. The Nomenclature Problem ............................... 34
III. Structure and Composition ................................... 35
A. Capsid ........." .......................................... 35
B. Lipid Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . 36
C. Core ............................................. "........ 37
D. Physicochemical Characteristics and Composition".......... 37
IV. Replication and Molecular Biology ............................ 38
A. Penetration and Shutdown of Macromolecular Synthesis . . . . . 39
B. DNA Replication ......................................... 39
C. Transcription, Translation, and IV Genes ................... 40
D. Particle Assembly" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 42
V. Signs and Characteristics of Patent Disease .................... 43
A. Pathology ................................................ 43
B. IV Production and Quantification .......................... 44
C. Dose-Response Relationships and Survival Time ........... 45
VI. Relationships among IVs ..................................... 46
A. Serology ......................................... ,....... 46
B. Genetic .................................................. 47
C. DNA Sequence Analysis .................................. 50
D. Biochemical .............................................. 52
VII. Ecology ..................................................... 52
A. Transmission .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
B. Persistence ............................................... 54
C. Host Range. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
VIII. Use of Iridescent Viruses in Biocontrol ........................ 58
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Chapter 3
Nudiviruses
John P. Burand
I. Introduction................................................. 69
II. Oryctes Virus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
A. Physical and Biological Properties of the Oryctes Virus ...... 70
B. Physical Map of the Oryctes Virus Genome ................ 71
C. Replication of Oryctes Virus in Cell Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
D. Oryctes Virus Structural and Intracellular Proteins .......... 73
m. Hz-1 Virus .................................................. 73
A. Discovery and Isolation of Hz-1 V .......................... 73
B. Biochemical Properties of Hz-1 V ........................... 74
C. Persistence of Hz-! V ...................................... 75