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THEINFLUENCEOFPREJUDICEONTHEFORMATION OFSTEREOTYPESABOUTTHEOUTGROUP By KURTALLENBONIECKI ADISSERTATIONPRESENTEDTOTHEGRADUATESCHOOL OFTHEUNIVERSITYOFFLORIDAINPARTIALFULFILLMENT OFTHEREQUIREMENTSFORTHEDEGREEOF DOCTOROFPHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITYOFFLORIDA 1997 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS WilliamBlakewrotethat“nobirdsoarstoohigh,ifhesoarswithhisownwings.” WhatBlakeforgottomentionisthatnobirdsoarsatallwithouttheaidofthewind,the foodoftheearth,andthekindnessoftheweather. Mydiligenceandeffortoverthepast sixyearstoachievemydoctoratewouldhavefallenshortifnotforthesupportofmany veryimportantpeopletowhomIwishtoexpressmythanks. Iammostindebtedtomyadvisor,mentor,andfriend,LisaM.Brown. Shehas beenaninvaluablesourceofintellectualaswellasmoralsupportovertheyears. Iowe hermydeepestgratitudenotonlyforherassistanceontheformulation,design,and writingofthisdissertation,butalsoforhelpingmedevelopintoaprofessionalsocial psychologist. Ialsothanktheothermembersofmycommittee,BarrySchlenker,James Shepperd,IraFischler,andHernanVera,fortheirtimeandassistance. Theyprovided greatlyappreciatedcommentsthatwerenotonlyhelpfultowardthecompletionofthis dissertationbutalsotowardthedevelopmentoffutureresearch. Inaddition,ImustextendmyappreciationtoseveralfacultyoftheDepartmentof Psychology,UniversityofNorthCarolinaatGreensboro,forprovidinghelpfulcomments andsuggestionsduringthewritingofthisdissertation,namelyJohnDunlosky,JuliaJacks, TimJohnston,andCherylLogan. 11 Also,IwanttothankthepeopleinsocialpsychologyattheUniversityofFlorida whooverthepastsixyearskeptitallfun:MonicaBiernat,TomBritt,PansyCheng,Drew Christopher,ChrisCrandall,KevinDoherty,CynthiaFindley-Kline,JeffGlore,Julie Gross,MarieHelweg-Larsen,SteveKraus,KimberlyKwavnick,DallieMoriarty,Ligia Ortega,DwightPattison,JohnPennington,StevePhillips,BethPontari,KevinTaylor, EdwardThompson,MikkiUglum,TerriVescio,AlyssaWalters,andBobZiller. Special thankstomyfriendsEddieFabian,DavePizarro,andDuanaWelchforhelpingmestay sane. Last,butofcoursenotleast,Iamforeverindebtedtomywife,DeeDee,andtomy parentsfortheirlove,support,andunderstanding. TABLEOFCONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ii ABSTRACT vi INTRODUCTION 1 REVIEWOFLITERATURE 5 TheDifferenceBetweenStereotypesandPrejudice 5 ApproachestoStereotypeFormation 9 TheJustificationHypothesis 23 OVERVIEW 38 MethodologyandDesign 38 Hypotheses 42 METHOD 46 PilotStudies 46 TheExperiment 48 RESULTS 56 ManipulationChecks 56 PrimaryAnalyses 59 DISCUSSION 82 TheCausalRelationshipBetweenIntergroupFeelingsandStereotypes 82 EvidenceofIngroupFavoritismandOutgroupDerogation 88 AModelofStereotypeFormation 90 CONCLUSION 95 APPENDIXA TRIVIAQUESTIONS 100 APPENDIXB FIRSTPERSONALITYDESCRIPTION 102 APPENDIXC SECONDPERSONALITYDESCRIPTION 103 IV REFERENCES 104 BIOGRAPHICALSKETCH 117 v AbstractofDissertationPresentedtotheGraduateSchool oftheUniversityofFloridainPartialFulfillmentofthe RequirementsfortheDegreeofDoctorofPhilosophy THEINFLUENCEOFPREJUDICEONTHEFORMATION OFSTEREOTYPESABOUTTHEOUTGROUP By KurtAllenBoniecki August,1997 Chairman:LisaM.Brown MajorDepartment:Psychology Thepurposeofmydissertationwastoinvestigatethecausalrelationshipbetween stereotypesandprejudice. Manysocialpsychologistsassumethatnegativestereotypes causeprejudice,andtherefore,inordertoeliminateprejudice,focustheirresearchefforts onunderstandingthesocialorcognitivemechanismsresponsibleforstereotypeformation. Incontrasttothisprevailingassumption,Iproposethatnegativestereotypesaretheresult ratherthanthecauseofprejudice. Moreprecisely,Ibelievethatnegativestereotypes developinordertojustifyone’snegativefeelingstowardanothergroup. Inordertotest thisjustificationhypothesis,Iplacedparticipantsintoartificialgroupsandhadthemrate theirfeelingstowardtheirowngroup(i.e.,theingroup)andtheothergroup(i.e.,the outgroup)priortolearningtheattributesofthatgroup. Afterratingtheirfeelingstoward eachgroup,participantsreadanambiguousdescriptionaboutthegroupandwerethen vi asked toprovidetheirimpressionsofthatgroupbywritingdownsixdescriptivewords. Finally,participantsratedthevalenceofeachwordtheyreported. Resultssupportedthe justificationhypothesis. Thatis,participants’feelingstowardtheoutgrouppredictedthe overallvalenceofthetraitstheyassignedtotheoutgroup. Implicationsforfuture researchandstrategiesforthereductionofprejudicearediscussed. Vll INTRODUCTION Thelinkbetweenstereotypesandprejudiceseemsintuitive. Itisgenerally assumedthatweacquirestereotypesthroughsocialization;thatis,wemaylearnabout othergroupsfromourparents,friends,community,themedia,andothersources. Unfortunately,mostofthestereotypesperpetuatedinoursocietyarenegative,especially ethnicstereotypes. AfricanAmericansarelazy;Jewsareconniving;AngloAmericansare conceited;Latinosarehostile;Asiansaretimid. Thelistcouldgoon. Nonethnic categories,ofcourse,arenotimpervious,asonecouldeasilythinkofnegativestereotypes thatarecommonlyascribedtogaymen,lesbians,lawyers,politicians,women,men,andso on. Thustherootofourownprejudicesappearsobvious. Asweacquirenegativebeliefs aboutanothergroup,wecometodislikethegrouponthebasisoftheperceivednegative characteristicsofthegroup. Forexample,anorthernermighthavebeentaughttobelieve thatsouthernersareracistandunaccepting,andthereforeconcludesthatheorshedoes notlikesouthernersonlyafterconsideringthesetraits,butnotprior. Manycontemporary socialpsychologistsassumethatthiscausalrelationshipexists(e.g.,Esses,Haddock,& Zanna,1993;Hamilton,1981;Smith,1993),andtherefore,inanefforttopulloutthe rootsofprejudice,focustheirresearchonthedevelopmentanduseofstereotypes(see Hamilton&Trolier,1986). 1 2 However,earlytheoristsofintergrouprelationschallengedthelayassumptionthat negativestereotypesresultinprejudice,andinsteadproposedthattheconverseismore true(Allport,1954/1979;D.T.Campbell,1967;Merton,1949;Zawadzki,1948). AccordingtoDonaldCampbell(1967): Thesocialscientistseestheoppositecausaldirection:Causally,firstisthehostility towardtheoutgrouper.... Intheserviceofthishostility,allpossibledifferences areopportunisticallyinterpretedasdespicable.... Soflexibleisouremotional languagethatadifferenceinalmostanydirectioncanbeanathematized. An outgroupcanbehatedastoolazyorastooindustrious,astoodumborastoo shrewd,astooforwardorastooreclusive,astooemotionalorastoocold,astoo generousorastoothrifty,(p.825) Inotherwords,Campbellbelievedthatnegativestereotypeswerejustificationsforthe hostility(i.e.,prejudice)onefelttowardtheoutgroup. Hearguedthatonecould conceivablychangeaperson'sstereotypeofagroup,butthiswouldnotremovethe hostility,andeventuallyanewnegativestereotypewouldreplacetheoldone. Overa decadeearlier,Allport(1954/1979)wroteinhisinfluentialbook,TheNatureofPrejudice, “[Stereotypes]areprimarilyrationalizers. Theyadapttotheprevailingtemperof prejudiceortheneedsofthesituation”(p.204). Despitetheappealofsuchatheory,noresearchhasyetbeenconductedtotest whetherprejudicedoesindeedleadtotheformationofnegativestereotypes. Thismay havebeenduetotheemergenceofthecognitiveapproachinsocialpsychologywhich shiftedthefocusofintergroupresearchawayfrommotivationalandaffective determinants. Accordingtothecognitiveperspective,stereotypesaretheresultof normal,efficient,evenautomaticandunintentional(Hamilton&Trolier,1986;E.E.Jones etal.,1984;S.E.Taylor,Fiske,Etcoff,&Ruderman,1978),cognitiveprocesses 3 (Ashmore&DelBoca,1981;Hamilton,1979,1981;Tajfel,1969,1981;S.E.Taylor, 1981). Thisviewholdsthatpeoplehavelimitedmentalcapacity,andinaneffortto maximizecognitiveresources,willavoidthelengthierprocessofindividuationandinstead fallbackontheuseofmoreefficientbutlessaccuratecognitiveheuristicsandsocial categories. Thus,negativestereotypesdonotdevelopsomuchoutofanimositytoward theoutgroupasoutoflazinessinperceivingothersasindividuals. ThisledHamilton (1981)toconcludethatbecausecategorizationandstereotypingwerethenatural consequencesofsocialperception,prejudicewasinevitable. Stereotypescertainlyservethefunctionofcognitiveefficiency. However,this viewneednotbeincompatiblewiththeoriesdelineatingtheaffectiveormotivational antecedentsofstereotypes. Indeed,HenriTajfel,consideredtobethefatherofthe cognitiveapproachtoprejudiceandintergroupconflict,wassimultaneouslythegreatest advocateofamotivationalexplanationoftheseprocesses(i.e.,socialidentitytheory,see Tajfel,1982;Tajfel&Turner,1986). Furthermore,recenttheoryandresearchinsocial cognitionhasbeguntoreexaminetheroleofaffectandmotivationincognition(see Sorrentino&Higgins,1990)andmorespecificallystereotyping(seeD.M.Mackie& Hamilton,1993). Thishaspromptedsometheoriststoreconsiderthecausalrelationship betweenstereotypesandprejudice(Stephan&Stephan,1993)andtheideathatnegative stereotypesmaybetheresult,ratherthanthecause,ofprejudice(Dijker,1989;Jussim, McCauley,&Lee,1995;Vanman&Miller,1993).

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126 Pages·1997·4.7 MB·English

by Boniecki, Kurt Allen, 1968-

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