The Illustrated Network: How TCP/IP Works in a Modern Network

937 Pages·2017·8.95 MB·English

by  Walter Goralski

The Illustrated
Network
This pageintentionallyleftblank
The Illustrated
Network
How TCP/IP Works
in a Modern Network
Second Edition
Walter Goralski
MorganKaufmannisanimprintofElsevier
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Contents
Aboutthe Author....................................................................................................xxi
Foreword..............................................................................................................xxiii
Preface...................................................................................................................xxv
Acknowledgments...............................................................................................xxxv
PART I NETWORKING BASICS
CHAPTER 1 Protocols and Layers...................................................3
TheIllustrated Network................................................................7
Remote Access toNetworkDevices.......................................8
FileTransfer toa Router.......................................................10
CLI and GUI..........................................................................12
Wireshark and Packet Capture..............................................13
FirstExplorations inNetworking..........................................14
Protocols.....................................................................................15
Standards and Organizations.................................................16
Request for Comment and the InternetEngineering
Task Force.............................................................................19
Internet Administration...............................................................21
Layers..........................................................................................23
Simple Networking................................................................23
Protocol Layers......................................................................25
TheTCP/IPProtocol Suite.........................................................25
TheTCP/IP Layers................................................................26
Protocols andInterfaces........................................................28
Encapsulation.........................................................................28
TheLayersof TCP/IP................................................................30
ThePhysical Layer................................................................31
TheData Link Layer.............................................................32
TheNetworkLayer...............................................................36
TheTransport Layer..............................................................38
TheApplication Layer...........................................................41
SessionSupport.....................................................................42
Internal Representation Conversion......................................42
Applications in TCP/IP.........................................................43
TheTCP/IPProtocol Suite.........................................................45
Questions for Readers.................................................................45
v
vi Contents
CHAPTER 2 TCP/IP Protocols and Devices...................................47
Protocol Stackson the Illustrated Network...............................50
Layers, Protocols,Ports,and Sockets........................................51
The TCP/IP Protocol Stack........................................................54
The Client(cid:1)ServerModel..........................................................55
TCP/IP Layers and Client(cid:1)Server.............................................55
The IPLayer...............................................................................57
The Transport Layer...................................................................59
TransmissionControlProtocol..............................................59
User Datagram Protocol........................................................59
The Application Layer................................................................60
Bridges, Routers, and Switches..................................................60
SegmentingLANs.................................................................61
Bridges...................................................................................63
Routers...................................................................................64
LAN Switches........................................................................65
Virtual LANs.........................................................................66
VLAN Frame Tagging..........................................................67
Questions for Readers.................................................................69
CHAPTER 3 Network Link Technologies.......................................71
Illustrated Network Connections................................................74
DisplayingEthernet Traffic...................................................74
DisplayingSONET Links......................................................76
DisplayingDSL Links...........................................................79
DisplayingWireless Links....................................................81
Frames and the Link Layer...................................................84
The Data Link Layer..................................................................84
The Evolution of Ethernet..........................................................85
Ethernet II and IEEE 802.3 Frames......................................86
MAC Addresses.....................................................................87
The Evolution of DSL................................................................89
PPP and DSL.........................................................................90
PPP Framing for Packets.......................................................91
DSL Encapsulation................................................................92
Forms ofDSL........................................................................93
The Evolution of SONET...........................................................94
ANote about Network Errors...............................................95
Packet over SONET/SDH.....................................................96
Wireless LANsand IEEE 802.11..............................................97
Wi-Fi......................................................................................99
Contents vii
IEEE 802.11 MAC Layer Protocol.....................................100
TheIEEE 802.11 Frame......................................................102
Questions for Readers...............................................................104
CHAPTER 4 Packet Optical Networks and Forward Error
Correction................................................................107
Packet Optical Networks and Error Correction.......................108
Packet Optical Networks and the Optical Transport
Network.....................................................................................110
Standards for Packet Optical Networks andForward
Error Correction........................................................................111
Handling Single Bit Errors andBurst Errors...........................111
HammingDistance and HammingCodes...........................113
A Better HammingCode Method.......................................115
HammingCodeinAction...................................................117
HammingCodeImplementation.........................................121
Burst Errorsand Interleaving..............................................123
Modern FEC Operation............................................................124
FEC and SONET/SDH.............................................................126
FEC and OTN...........................................................................129
TheOTN Frame and FEC...................................................131
Generic FramingProcedure.................................................131
FEC Research and Development.............................................132
OTN for the Illustrated Network..............................................133
Questions for Readers...............................................................135
PART II CORE PROTOCOLS
CHAPTER 5 IPv4 and IPv6 Addressing.......................................139
IP Addressing............................................................................139
TheNetwork/Host Boundary...................................................147
TheIPv4 Address.....................................................................147
Private IPv4Addresses........................................................152
Understanding IPv4 Addresses............................................152
TheIPv6 Address.....................................................................154
Features ofIPv6 Addressing...............................................154
IPv6 Address Types and Notation......................................155
IPv6 Address Prefixes.........................................................156
Subnetting and Supernetting....................................................157
Subnetting inIPv4...............................................................157
Subnetting Basics................................................................158
CIDR and VLSM.................................................................162
viii Contents
IPv6Addressing Details...........................................................166
IPAddress Assignment.......................................................168
Complete IPv4 andIPv6 Address Ranges..........................170
Questions for Readers...............................................................173
CHAPTER 6 Address Resolution Protocol...................................175
ARP andLANs.........................................................................178
ARP Packets.............................................................................185
Example ARP Operation..........................................................187
ARP Variations.........................................................................188
ProxyARP...........................................................................189
Reverse ARP........................................................................190
ARPs on WANs...................................................................190
ARP andIPv6...........................................................................191
NeighborDiscovery Protocol..............................................192
NDAddress Resolution.......................................................193
Questions for Readers...............................................................195
CHAPTER 7 IPv4 and IPv6 Headers............................................197
Packet Headersand Addresses.................................................200
The IPv4Packet Header...........................................................202
Fragmentationand IPv4...........................................................204
Fragmentationand MTU.....................................................206
Fragmentationand Reassembly................................................208
Path MTU Determination....................................................208
AFragmentation Example........................................................209
Limitationsof IPv4..............................................................211
TheIPv6 Header Structure..................................................211
IPv4and IPv6 HeadersCompared...........................................214
IPv6Header Changes..........................................................214
IPv6and Fragmentation...........................................................216
Questions for Readers...............................................................219
CHAPTER 8 Internet Control Message Protocol.........................221
ICMP andPing.........................................................................224
The ICMPMessage Format.....................................................227
ICMPMessage Fields..........................................................228
ICMPTypes and Codes.......................................................229
Sending ICMP Messages..........................................................235
When ICMP Must Be Sent..................................................235
When ICMP Must Not Be Sent...........................................236
Contents ix
Ping...........................................................................................236
Traceroute.................................................................................237
Path MTU.................................................................................239
ICMPv6.....................................................................................241
BasicICMPv6Messages.....................................................241
TimeExceeded....................................................................243
Neighbor Discovery and Autoconfiguration.......................243
Routersand NeighborDiscovery........................................244
Interface Addresses..............................................................245
Neighbor Solicitation andAdvertisement...........................245
Questions for Readers...............................................................246
CHAPTER 9 Routing.....................................................................247
Routersand RoutingTables.....................................................250
Hosts and Routing Tables........................................................252
Directand Indirect Delivery.....................................................256
Routing.................................................................................260
DirectDelivery Without Routing........................................260
Indirect Delivery and the Router.........................................262
Questions for Readers...............................................................266
CHAPTER 10 Forwarding IP Packets............................................267
Router Architectures.................................................................273
BasicRouter Architectures..................................................274
Another Router Architecture....................................................276
Router Access...........................................................................278
TheConsole Port.................................................................279
TheAuxiliary Port...............................................................279
TheNetwork........................................................................279
Forwarding Table Lookups......................................................280
DualStacks,Tunneling, and IPv6............................................282
DualProtocol Stacks...........................................................282
Tunneling.............................................................................283
Tunneling Mechanisms.............................................................285
Transition Considerations.........................................................287
Questions for Readers...............................................................288
CHAPTER 11 User Datagram Protocol..........................................289
UDP Portsand Sockets............................................................292
What UDPIs For......................................................................296