Table Of ContentTHE
HORSE
sre
WHEEL
LANGUAGE
}
How
BRONZE-AGE RIDERS
FROM THE
EURASIAN STEPPES
SHAPED THE
MODERN WORLD
DAVID W. ANTHONY
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CONTENTS
o
Acbnowsadgpients x.
PARE ONE.
‘Language and Aschacology 1
Chapter One
‘The Promine a Pisin dhe Merge 3
Anceiers
Linguits and Chrovinsts
Boe Lure ofthe Mather Tongoe 11
A News Saatian for an Old Brew 13
Language Extinction ad Taught
Chagper Toe
Hows to Resoonmuct a Dead Languege 21
Language Change and Tose 22
Panel Hows to Reconstruct a Dead Scund 24
"he Lasieam: Hows Recnstraet Dead Meanings 32
Spates ani Merplology: Tee Shape ofa Dead Fznguags 36
CConcaon: Rating w Languesefrem the Dou 38
Chaprer Theve
Language ¢ Tie 1
“Tae Lan Speers of Prove Indo-Foropern 39
‘Te Size of te Chrogal Wind:
How Lang De Languages Las? 39
‘Be Terminal Date fir Prato-Inde- Ease
‘Be Mother Becomes Hor Daughters 2
‘he Oidar and Stangat Tighter (or Cowsin®) Anataion 43
The Neat Ost Iseiptiont: Creek and Ol Inde 48
(Counting the Retaivs: Hees Many i 1500 BCE? 50
ok Crtenr
(Chapter Four
Language and Tine 2
‘Waal, Whee, and Botnlede-Eurpean 59
Dis Wiel Vocatery 39
Bh Wise Vanbery 68
Wen Ws te Whe! Tovented 68
“he Signin ofthe Wheel 72
gots and the dnatalion Homeland Hypothesis TS
“Woe Birth wend Desc ofProte-ndo-Exrapesn 81
Chapter Pie
Language end Pe
“Toe Teton af the Proo-fnlo-Foropean Hlomleed 63
Problem with te Concpe of “he Homeland” 8
Fring he Homeland: Eevlogy nd Environment 69
Finding the Homeland Tie Evanamie x Sil Seting 91
Finding the Hamsland: Uralc and Caucatian Canustions 92
‘os Latin of the Prote-Fnds-Eurcpean Holand 98
Chapter Six
‘The Archaeology of Language 102
Pecitent Frntions 104
Migration ata Cause of Print Maerai-Cltre
Fesatiers 108
Polio Frater: Difernt Maye of Mating a Living 114
Booall-cale Migrasony, Elite Reeaionent,
‘ned Fangnage Si? 117
‘The Opening of the Eurasian Steppes 121
‘Chapter Serco
How to Recontnct a Dead Culture 123
‘De Teves Agen the Pic Caspin Stapp 135
Dating 2nd the Radiscarhon Ressistion 126
Wat Did Ty Eat? 328
Covent
Archaesogical Cleves ond Living Caterer 130
‘Be Big Queen: Absa 192
Chapter Fight
Fist Farmers and Head: The Pomtc-Capian Nelihie 134
Denertcaed Animat and Ponte Caspian Eeslgy 3S
{Be Fre Farer-Porager Frantic inthe
Penton Caspian Region 138
Fever Mets Foroger: The Bug Drieter Calne 187
Beyond the Frontier: Ponte Caspis: Forage
yrs atl Aviced 154
“the Godt Glee Cate 158
Chapter Nine
‘Come, Coppes and Chie 160
The Rely Capper Asin Ol Farge 162
“The Canadien? Dviprie Caere 364
“ioe Disp Pope Calne ITA
Bh Key Calta ot the Volga 182
Nulekik and Noreb Cowen Calne 186
Ye Lanner Dam atd Navi Cagion Seppe 188
‘as Pores Front Ue Samana Caltaré 189
Go, Sead Power, ud be imergene of Dter 199
ChapterTon
"The Domestiaton ofthe Heme and the Orig of Reng’
“The Tale ofthe Teh 193
Where Wire Heras Fiat Domestected? 196
Wy Hire Hrses Domertiat? 200
What I a Demmesticted Hore? 20
Bit Waar and Harsback Riding 296
Indo-European Migrations and Bit Wear or Derive 213
Bott ad Encoiic Horseback Riding 216
‘Be Orig of Foreback Riding 221.
Ecrnontic and Military Eficer of Horsch Riding 222
id Conte
‘Chapter Eleven
“The Bnd of OW Forope and the Rise ofthe Steppe 225
Warfve and Aan
Bie Cucuten-Trigole Culture and the Stopper 230
‘Te Sezai Stog Culture: Flora and Rituals rom the Bat 289
Migrasens inte the Darah Vig
De Suv:sov1-Neaadaniloka Complen 269
Warfare, Cimate Changa and Language
‘8,9 inthe Lower Demae Foley 258
After the Callape 260
Chapter‘Beelre
Seeds of Changs on che Sppe Bowles
atkop Chis andTigobe Tawa 263
he Mive Cultures of the Foal Fncotit in the Serpe 265
Criss and Change on the gos rote:
‘Pons Bigger than Cer 277,
"The Rist Cites and shen Conacion to he Stppes 292
“he North Coueneas Pid
Eustis Pars baie Mein 285
“Toe Maikap Culture 97
Muitop-Nasnaabodraya i te Stepper
Cenioets with te Neri BS
Proto-tnio-Burpecn as ¢ Regional
Language in Changing World 299
(Chapter Thirteen
‘Wagon Deetias ifthe Steppe
“The Speakers of Potrtods-amypean 300
Why Nota Kurgan Cultue® 06
Bryon the Baier Fri:
Toe Afmatioes Migration tthe lad S07
‘gon Graves i be Sapper SLL
Where Di the Yamnaye Herizo Begin 317
‘When Did rhe Yarnaya Horizan Begin? 324
er be Yaonayo People Nemash? 321
Contents
Yoraya Strat Organization 328
‘The SrneStlae of the Nort Poe Stopper 336
(Chapter Fourteen
“The Wovcra Inder Paropen Lamages 340
‘Te End of the Goeuten-Tepaye Codure mid
‘the Rats of the lane Brahe $a
Steppe Overind aa Tigao Cte
The Unica Caure 349
“The Vemma Migration the Dance Vale 361
Yom Contacts withthe Corda Ware Horzan 367
‘The Origine of Grech 308
(Contain: Toe Ears Mister Indo-Europenn
Languages Dipere 368
Chapter Fifeen
(Chariot Wain of ths Nether Stippcs 371
‘be nd ofthc Beret Ponti:
Condad Wire Herein the Fete 373
Pre Sintusb Culewer of te Easter Stapp $85,
“Tas Origin of he Sinaia Culture 389
‘fare inthe Staring Grae
Fortification and spans 398
Tournaments of Vt 405
Sincesbea ona the Origin of te Aryans $08
Chuprer Sixteen
“The Opening ofthe Baran Seeppes 412
Bronac Age Enpives andthe Here Pade 312
“Te Rectia-Mepiane Archaeological Complas $21
Be Opening of the Evasion Stepper 135
Te Soubnaya Cuter
Horan and Gathering i the sim Sappes 87
East othe Ural, Phase The Patron Cus 441
‘The Scima-Tarbine ivizon tthe FovesSteppe Lame 68
Cots
asf tbe Ura, Phe I: Toe Andronovs Horizon 448
Protea Galton the Geral Asan Contr? Zone 482
‘he Seopps Berea Bradge cross Eat 83
Chapter Seventeen
Wonleand Deeds 458
Te Horse and he Whee $58
Archauelogy and Language 463
Append: Autor Nae an Radvarbon Dats 467
ates 47.
References 507
Idee SAT
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
e
This bool would wot have heen writen without te lve nd spent of zy
smother and father, David F and Lawes H. Anthony. Ua H- Anthony
read med eomnmeated an every chapter. Hered We ewe into che
University of Pesnslvania, ed nents ay fied ards excaation,
and taught mtn respecte aes ofa baealog Lame betel with Dats
cas Brown 18 my parte, edo, cet, fellow archaeologist, Held excavae
Son co-director, lab direer,ifeatrtor,spoure, ead beet feed chrough
thick and thin. She edited every chapeer mir rimea,Allche maps and
figures sre by D, Brown, Much of the content in chapets 10 and 16 was
the product of our joint sesearch, published oree many yeasr. Does
brother, Dz, Ben Brown, alte helped co cea and oi the ms
‘The bivwear reer decrbedin chaps 10 andthe Bld week asocatd
with the Samara Valley Project chaprer 16) war anpporeed by grass fom
Harprisk College, the Freciman ard Paris Foudatins, te Auseisan
Pilowpbical Society the Wenrer-Grem Foundasen, the National Geo-
expe Society, the Runa Invtiue of Archacology (hana), the Tat-
ruseferthe History and Archacalogy of the Volga (Saroars andthe National
Scieree Poundacion (United Stata, with asicance fr chapter for the
Sete Uaiveniy of New Yr at Cobleslill We are parietal grateful io
the National Scien Foundaina (NSF)
Suppor® eo wte ths book was provided by fellowship from the Na-
‘ional Eevlnwrnent Fr the Hamanive in 1999-2000 ar» membership
in The Schon! of Histcea) Studies a¢ the Fite for Advarcest Stuy
TAS) ae Princeton, Nevr Jersey, in 2006, where Nicola DiCormo od
Pacsci Crone male ur weleome, The tr atthe IAS ora suc
People have helped mi in avmetons diferent ways inch
Near Vastarl Est Act: Kathy Lindoff, Victor Mate, Oscec Mocaclls,
‘Kanen Robinson, Chris Trantor Lauren Zjch, CC, Lamberg Karlovy,
aed Hiebert, Pil Kohl, Greg Paseeh, Glenn Schwartz, David Oven,
‘Miche Rothman, Bny Buns, Niels DiCosmo, and Peres Galden
loess and where vehicies: Deater Fechine and Pat Daly, Sandor
Boknyi, Slr Olen, Mary Licauer and Joost Crouwel (ayintructare
‘a ancien tcansp); and Peter Raulwing, NorbereBenceke, and Mindy
Feces.
x Adnoegmentt
[Bic wear and che cing experanents Mindy Zades, Ran Keipes, the
Burcan of Land Managentene, Winneruzca, Nevada: Cozeall University
Veterinary School; Uniemicy of Pennsylvania New Bolan Cette, the
Avatengue Island Wdlife Refine und, at se State Univenity of Newt
‘Yorkar Cobleskill Steve MacKessie, Stephanie Skargeasly, nd Michelle
Dept,
Linguistice Ward Gandenaugh, Egat Plomé, Richard Diebold, Wine
{id Lehmann, Aleander Lobotky, Don Ringe, Sif Zimase, asd fic
Hanep. A epi chanks to fohanda Nichols, who helped edit chapur 5,
‘and Till Darden nd at Malley; who evi te Be dia
"Exstein European archacology: Petar Glumac (who made me believe
1 could coud Rosslaclngrnge sourced, Pater Boguck’, Douglas Briley
‘ho ceva chayter 1D Roth Tring (bo gave ow ny Brat ald
perience in Enstern Europa, Victor Shnitelman four St guide in Rusia,
Dims Tekin fy fret source on steppe archrecosy), Netalys Bolan,
‘Oleg Zico Yuri Resormakin, Mikhail Video, Igor Valier, Pel
Kumetov, Oleg Mochaloy, Akesand Kbotloy,Povel Kesiney, Elena
Kozmins, Senet Koreevlai, Eygent Chemylh, R, Munchaey, Niko
Vinogrados, Vier Zalbert, Stisay Grigories, Andrei Epimalcho, Val
catio Deraches, and Ludmila Keryakora. Of these I owe the deepest debts
to Teegin (ye guide) and my colngues a Saraaca: Vase, Karns,
‘Mochalor, Kho¥hloy, and (honcrary Serases) Kosntry
“Taeertors [have made are mine alan; these prope tried thee best.
Description:Roughly half the world's population speaks languages derived from a shared linguistic source known as Proto-Indo-European. But who were the early speakers of this ancient mother tongue, and how did they manage to spread it around the globe? Until now their identity has remained a tantalizing mystery to linguists, archaeologists, and even Nazis seeking the roots of the Aryan race. The Horse, the Wheel, and Language lifts the veil that has long shrouded these original Indo-European speakers, and reveals how their domestication of horses and use of the wheel spread language and transformed civilization. Linking prehistoric archaeological remains with the development of language, David Anthony identifies the prehistoric peoples of central Eurasia's steppe grasslands as the original speakers of Proto-Indo-European, and shows how their innovative use of the ox wagon, horseback riding, and the warrior's chariot turned the Eurasian steppes into a thriving transcontinental corridor of communication, commerce, and cultural exchange. He explains how they spread their traditions and gave rise to important advances in copper mining, warfare, and patron-client political institutions, thereby ushering in an era of vibrant social change. Anthony also describes his fascinating discovery of how the wear from bits on ancient horse teeth reveals the origins of horseback riding. The Horse, the Wheel, and Language solves a puzzle that has vexed scholars for two centuries--the source of the Indo-European languages and English--and recovers a magnificent and influential civilization from the past.
