The Hittites: And Their Contemporaries in Asia Minor

184 Pages·1986·45.09 MB·English

by  J. G. MacQueen

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Revised and enlarged edition
The
Hittites
andtheircontemporariesinAsiaMinor
J.G.Macqueen
REVISEDANDENLARGEDEDITION
Hailedbyreviewersas "stimulating,"
"outstanding" andof "enduringvalue" whenit
firstappearedin 1975, TheHittiteshasnowbeen
completelyrevisedbytheauthorand is
republishedinanewformatwithadditional
illustrations.
TheHittiteswerean Indo-European-speaking
peoplewhoestablishedakingdominAnatolia
(modernTurkey)almostfourthousandyearsago.
Theyrosetobecomeoneofthegreatpowersof
theAncientMiddle Easternworldbyconquering
Babylonandchallengingthepowerofthe
Egyptian Pharaoh Rameses atthebattleof
11
Qadesh.Theythemselvesweredestroyedinthe
wakeofthemovementsoftheenigmaticSea
Peoplesaround 1180 BC.
Newmaterialinthiseditiondescribesthe
latestexcavationsatthetemplesandgreat
defensiverampartsofthe Hittitecapitalat
Hattusasand includesfindsfrommanyother
recentlyexcavatedsites.Theauthorinvestigates
suchintriguingtopicsastheoriginsofthe
Hittites,thesourcesofthemetalswhichwereso
vitaltotheirsuccess,andtheirrelationswiththeir
contemporariesintheAegeanworld,theTrojans
andtheMycenaeanGreeks. Hissurveyalso
coverstheculturesandhistoryofotherAnatolian
peoples, notablytheArzawans,whosekingdom
inWesternTurkeywasformuchoftheperioda
formidableobstacletotheHittiteaspirations.
InformationontheHittitescomesfrom
archaeologicalandwrittensources. Itisoneof
themanystrengthsofthisbookthattheauthor
interweavesbothtypesofevidenceintoasingle,
highlyreadablenarrative.
With 149illustrations
Onthejacket
Detailofthe"soldier-gods"inChamberBatYazilikaya.
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TheHITTlTES
and contemporaries
their
Asia Minor
in
Revised and enlarged edition
WITH 149 ILLUSTRATIONS, MAPS AND PLANS
THAMES AND HUDSON
BRIGHTON
Ancient Peoples and Places
GENERAL EDITOR: GLYN DANIEL
For Sandra
luce mihi dilectior
Frontispiece: Figure from the King's Gate, Bogazkoy.
Any copy ofthis book issued by the publisher as a paperback is sold
subject to the condition that it shall not by way oftrade or otherwise be
lent, resold, hired out or otherwise circulated without the publisher's
prior consent in any form ofbinding or cover other than that in which it
is published and without a similar condition including these words being
imposed on a subsequent purchaser.
©
1975 and 1986 Thames and Hudson Ltd, London
This revised edition first published in the USA in 1986 by
Thames and Hudson Inc., 500 Fifth Avenue,
New York, New York 10110
Library ofCongress Catalog Card Number 85-51750
All Rights Reserved. No part ofthis publication may be reproduced or
transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
including photocopy, recording or any other information storage and retrieval
system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher.
Printed and bound in the German Democratic Republic
Contents
Preface 8
Acknowledgments
9
Background and environment n
1
Neolithic Anatolia 14
The Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Ages 15
Assyrian merchant-colonies 18
After the merchant-colonies 20
2 Who were the Hittites? 22
Identifying the Hittites 22
Hittite origins 26
Archaeological evidence 27
The north-central area 29
The Hattians 32
Early Greeks in Anatolia 33
Luwians in Greece 34
Conclusions 35
3 The Hittites and their neighbours 36
Hattusilis I 36
The geography of western Anatolia 37
Ahhiyawa
39
The problem of tin supplies 41
Old Kingdom campaigns 44
From Middle Kingdom to Empire 45
Suppiluliumas I 46
Mursilis II 47
Muwatallis 48
Hattusilis III 49
Tudhaliyas IV 50
i ne tan or tne Hittite empire 50
Some misconceptions 52
4 Warfare and defence
53
North and north-east
53
East and south-east
54
South-west, west and north-west
55
Foreign policy 56
The army
56
Military equipment
57
Fortifications 64
5 Society and administration
74
Village society 74
The Government: the Old Kingdom 75
The Government: the Imperial period 77
Other areas 78
6 Daily life in Late Bronze Age Anatolia 79
Streets and houses 79
Shops 87
Palaces 90
Agriculture 96
Trade and industry 97
Clothing and jewellery 100
Seals 101
Pottery: central Anatolia 102
Pottery: western Anatolia 105
Mycenaean pottery in Anatolia 107
7 Religion 109
The Anatolian background 109
The non-Anatolian background no
Village religion III
State religion: the king 115
Bogazkoy: the Great Temple 116
Bogazkoy: other temples 122
Yazihkaya 123
Burial-practices 132
8 Art and literature 137
Hittite art 138
Relief sculpture 138