The history of Pakistan / Iftikhar H. Malik

262 Pages·2012·2.23 MB·English

The
hisTory of
PakisTan

ADVISORY BOARD
John T. Alexander
Professor of History and Russian and European Studies,
University of Kansas
Robert A. Divine
George W. Littlefield Professor in American History Emeritus,
University of Texas at Austin
John V. Lombardi
Professor of History,
University of Florida

The
hisTory of
PakisTan
iftikhar h. Malik
The Greenwood histories of the Modern nations
Frank W. Thackeray and John E. Findling, Series Editors
Greenwood Press
Westport, Connecticut • London

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Malik, Iftikhar Haider, 1949–
The history of Pakistan / Iftikhar H. Malik.
p. cm. — (The Greenwood histories of the modern nations, ISSN 1096–2905)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978–0–313–34137–3 (alk. paper)
1. Pakistan—History. 2. India—History. 3. Indus civilization. I. Title.
II. Series.
DS384.M2716 2008
954.91—dc22 2008012989
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data is available.
Copyright © 2008 by Iftikhar H. Malik
All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be
reproduced, by any process or technique, without the
express written consent of the publisher.
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2008012989
ISBN-13: 978–0–313–34137–3
ISSN: 1096–2905
First published in 2008
Greenwood Press, 88 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06881
An imprint of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc.
www.greenwood.com
Printed in the United States of America
The paper used in this book complies with the
Permanent Paper Standard issued by the National
Information Standards Organization (Z39.48–1984).
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
v
“In the company of friends, death is a feast.”
—Attributed to Zahir-ud-Din Babur,
the Founder of Mughal Empire in India
v

Contents
Series Foreword ix
Frank W. Thackeray and John E. Findling
Preface xi
Acronyms xiii
Timeline of Historical Events xv
1 The Indus Heartland and Karakoram Country 1
2 The Indus Valley Civilization: Dravidians to Aryans 23
3 Islam in South Asia: The Indus and Delhi Sultanates 49
4 The Great Mughals and the Golden Era in
Indo-Islamic Civilization, 1526–1707 65
5 The British Rule and the Independence Movements 89
6 Muslims in South Asia and the Making of Pakistan 111
v
v Contents
7 Pakistan: Establishing the State, 1947–1958 129
8 Military Takeover and the Separation of East
Pakistan, 1958–1971 143
9 Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, Pakistan People’s Party, and
the Military Regime of General Zia-ul-Haq, 1972–1988 159
10 Democratic Decade, 1988–1999: Benazir Bhutto and
Nawaz Sharif 175
11 General Pervez Musharraf and Pakistan in
the Twenty-First Century 195
Notable People in the History of Pakistan 211
Glossary 217
Bibliography 221
Index 229
Seres Foreword
The Greenwood Histories of the Modern Nations series is intended to provide
students and interested laypeople with up-to-date, concise, and analytical his-
tories of many of the nations of the contemporary world. Not since the 1960s has
there been a systematic attempt to publish a series of national histories, and, as
editors, we believe that this series will prove to be a valuable contribution to our
understanding of other countries in our increasingly interdependent world.
Over thirty years ago, at the end of the 1960s, the Cold War was an ac-
cepted reality of global politics, the process of decolonization was still in
progress, the idea of a unified Europe with a single currency was unheard of,
the United States was mired in a war in Vietnam, and the economic boom of
Asia was still years in the future. Richard Nixon was president of the United
States, Mao Tse-tung (not yet Mao Zedong) ruled China, Leonid Brezhnev
guided the Soviet Union, and Harold Wilson was prime minister of the
United Kingdom. Authoritarian dictators still ruled most of Latin America,
the Middle East was reeling in the wake of the Six-Day War, and Shah Reza
Pahlavi was at the height of his power in Iran. Clearly, the past 30 years have
been witness to a great deal of historical change, and it is to this change that
this series is primarily addressed.
With the help of a distinguished advisory board, we have selected nations
whose political, economic, and social affairs mark them as among the most
x