The History of Cartography, Volume 2, Book 2: Cartography in the Traditional East and Southeast Asian Societies

962 Pages·1995·112.371 MB·English

by  David Woodward, J. B. Harley

THE HI TORY OF CARTOGR PHY
VOLUME 2,B OOK 2
Cartograipnth hyeT raditiEoansatl
andS outheast SoAcsiieatni es
EditbeydJ .B .H arleayn dD aviWdo odward
M apsr eUu sm uchm oret hamne relhyo wt og et
fromh erteo t herAes.o neo ft heo ldtef orms
ofh umanc ommunicattihoenyu, l timately
expretshsem anyw aysw e attemtpotu nderstand the
worlTdh.e fir stc omprehievnhe i t oroyf m aps amnadp ·
pinwgo rldwifdreo mp rehisttoot rhyep ree ntT heH is­
toroyfCa rtograi pbhotyha nes entiraetf erewnocrek
anda philoop hicsatla temoefnm ta p valuteo s ociety.
J.B .H arleayn dD aviWdo odwarhda vea ssemblaend
internattieoanmao lf peciatl tio c ompilae m uch
needeudp -to-dsautrevo efyt hede velopmoefcn atr togra­
phya scai encaen da na rt.
Goinbge yontdh em oref amildijasrc ussoifom nasp
a recorodfsa ctupalla cet hee diror: have aa dopted
broaddeerfin itioofna mapa ani lltur atiooftn h pa­
riarle ladoanc.tsu,oa rls ymboloifca , p lacaen e venotr,
a concepTth.i scopaeU ow disciuo no fa nu npre-c
denterda ngoefm apsi,n cludtihnogsd ee picttihneeg n tire
cosmo the sosupli'r itjuoaulr n,e ayn di magined
worldTsh.e r esuil nto t oan lcyom prehenssyinvteh esi
ofc artograkpnhoiwcl edbguet,a lsao n arratoifvo eu r
changipnegr ceptoifot nh ew orladn do urp lacien i t.
Whate mergiesa f ascinaptiicntguo rfme a p a practical
toolasn da lsao ymboliimca geu edf orm agicpaol lit­
icaaln dr eligipouursp o.s e
Volum2e o fT heH istoofryCa rtografocpuhe yso n
mappinignn on-Westecrunl tu,ra e.n a reoaf s tudhyi s­
toricaolvelryl oobkyeW de stesrcnh olaErxst.ei nv oer ig­
inarle e arcmha ketsh it hef oremossotu rfcoerd efining,
describainndga nalyztihnigvs a t a ndu nexplotrheed­
ateorf c artograhpiht iocr yB.o ok2 ,t hep ree otb ook,
chronicmlaepssm ,a ppinagn,d m apmakinignE asatn d
SoutheAa sita M.a p ofr emarkadbilvye er f orma nd
contenftr,o mg ravpel ana ndc lipfafi ntitnogh so ro­
scopaensd c itlya youatrsep, r obedb rilliiannt thlimy a -
sivceo llecotfi onng roi nga ndo ftenne wm aterials.
Book1 featumree IsI amiweo rladn dS outh Asia; book
3 wilclo veArf rica, AmtehreAi rccat,iA cu,s traalnida
theP acific.
(Contionnbu aecdflak p )
Coveri llumarKiaonng: n(iHdoonJum igln iyiS ktack ukchtioto [ Mapo f
integrlaatnedadsn dr egiono$fh it orieoauln trinedc api]t)ab ly Y l
Hoe andK w6nK iin( C<J. 14"B7y0pe )r.m issoifoR ny iikokUun iversity
LibrarKyy,o tJoa pan.
THE HISTORY OF CARTOGRAPHY
VOLUMETWO,BOOKTWO
THE HISTORY OF CARTOGRAPHY
1
Cartography in Prehistoric, Ancient, and Medieval Europe
and the Mediterranean
2.1
Cartography in the Traditional Islamic and
South Asian Societies
2.2
Cartography in the Traditional East and Southeast Asian Societies
2.3
Cartography in the Traditional African, American,
Arctic, Australian, and Pacific Societies
3
Cartography in the European Renaissance
4
Cartography in the European Enlightenment
5
Cartography in the Nineteenth Century
6
Cartography in the Twentieth Century
THE HISTORY OF CARTOGRAPHY
VOLUMETWO,BOOKTWO
Cartography in the
Traditional East and Southeast
Asian Societies
Edited by
J.
B. HARLEY
and
DAVID WOODWARD
Associate Editor
JOSEPH E. SCHWARTZBERG
Assistant Editor
CORDELL D. K. YEE
THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS • CHICAGO & LONDON
j. B. Harley was professor ofgeography at the University ofWisconsin-Milwaukee.
David Woodward is professor of geography at the University of Wisconsin-Madison.
The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 60637
The University of Chicago Press, Ltd., London
© 1994 by The University ofChicago
All rights reserved. Published 1994
Printed in the United States ofAmerica
03 02 01 00 99 98 97 96 95 94 5 4 3 2 1
ISBN 0-226-31637-8 (v. 2, bk. 2)
@ The paperused in this publication meets the minimum
requirements of the American National Standard for
Information Sciences-Permanence of Paperfor Printed
Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984
Editorial work on The History ofCartography is supported
in part by grants from the Division of Research Programs of
the National Endowment for the Humanities and the
Geography and Regional Science Program of the National
Science Foundation, independent federal agencies. For a
complete list of foundations, organizations, and individuals
who supported the editorial work, see pages v and vi.
The costs ofpublishing this book have been defrayed in part
by three awards:
A publication grant from the National Endowment for the
Humanities, an independent federal agency.
The 1992 Hiromi Arisawa Memorial Award from the Books
on japan Fund with respect to Peasant Uprising inJapan
published by the University of Chicago Press. The award is
financed by the japan Foundation from generous donations
contributed byjapanese individuals and companies.
Apublication grant from the Chiang Ching-kuo Foundation
for International Scholarly Exchange.
Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations
expressed in The History ofCartography are those of the
authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the
agencies that provided financial support.
Library ofCongress Cataloging-in-Publication data
will be found on the last page ofthis book
Financial Support
Federal Agencies
Division of Research Programs
of the National Endowment for the Humanities
Geography and Regional Science Program
of the National Science Foundation
Foundations and Institutions
Gaylord and Dorothy Donnelley Foundation The National Geographic Society
The Henry Luce Foundation, Inc. Rand McNally
The Japan Foundation The Luther I. Replogle Foundation
The Johnson Foundation The Hermon Dunlap Smith Center for the
The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation History of Cartography, The Newberry Library
Organizations
California Map Society The Mercator Society, New York
The Chicago Map Society Public Library
Geography and Map Division of the Special Michigan Map Society
Libraries Association The New York Map Society
Map and Geography Round Table, American North East Map Organization
Library Association The Rocky Mountain Map Society
Map Society of British Columbia Washington Map Society
Founders
Roger S. and Julie Baskes Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth Nebenzahl
Arthur Holzheimer Mr. and Mrs. Roderick Webster
Benefactors
Arthur L. Kelly Glen McLaughlin George Parker
Bernard Lisker Chuck and Lia Palmer David M. Rumsey
Patrons
Julie A. Anderson William B. Ginsberg Barbara Backus McCorkle
Richard B. Arkway John M. Gubbins Donald L. McGuirk, Jr.
Frederick and Howard Baron Warren Heckrotte Braham Norwick
Stephen D. and Nancy Brink Francis H. Heller Harold L. Osher
Clive A. Burden Francis Herbert William Sherman Reese
Rand Burnette Robert A. Highbarger Jack L. Ringer
JoAnn and Richard Casten John S. Josey Arthur H. Robinson
Mr. and Mrs. James R. Donnelley Jay I. Kislak Joseph E. Schwartzberg
Ralph Ehrenberg Edward D. Kleinbard Richard H. Sigel
Johan W. Eliot Dee Longenbaugh Stephen Stares
Clifton F. Ferguson Scott A. Loomer Thomas and Ahngsana Suarez
Richard and Dorothy Fitch Douglas W. Marshall Antiques of the Orient Pte. Ltd,
Gerald F. Fitzgerald Martayan Lan, Inc. MichaelJ. Sweet
Joseph H. Fitzgerald George F. McCleary, Jr. lain C. Taylor and North by West
Additional support from
Daniel M. Amato Susanne A. Haffner Walter W. Ristow
W. Graham Arader III J. Scott Hamilton Steve Ritchie
Patriciaand Stanley K. Arnett, II John B. Henderson Pierre L. Sales
James Axtell Bangbo Hu Stephen E. Schalk
Stanley Balzekas Alice C. Hudson Don Schnabel
Gwendolyn R. Barckley Murray Hudson Cherie Semans
Thomas R. Beall IBM David Charles Sheldon
Yasha Beresiner Kit S. Kapp Robert B. Shilkret
Anibal A. Biglieri Elton R. Kerr John D. Shugrue
Stephen A. Bromberg Anne and Lawrence Knowles Lawrence Slaughter
Michael Burack Josef W. Konvitz Thomas R. Smith
Charles A. Burroughs Steven Kosakowski John P. Snyder
Fred A. Cazel,Jr. G. Malcolm Lewis Margaret Sowers
Barbara Mae Christy Janice and Chingliang Liang Bruce N. Spring
Sherry Coatney and David Niemi Catharine McClellan Mr. and Mrs. Martin Steinmann
Tim Coss Michael McGuire RichardJ. A. Talbert
Cray Research Foundation Allen H. Meyer G. Thomas Tanselle
Gerald Danzer Jack and Carmen Miller Norman and Elizabeth Thrower
Richard Dittman Mr. and Mrs. PaulJ. Mode,Jr. Richard M. Ugland
MichaelJ. Dubin John T. Monckton Richard Umansky
Elizabeth F. Dunlap Mark Monmonier Carol Urness
OliverC. Dunn Gene Moser Diane D. Vasica
Clinton R. Edwards CurtisJ. Musselman Leonard Vis
C. Eide Mr. and Mrs. JeromeJ. Nerenberg RainerVollmar
Herbert F. Ellis Alfred W. Newman StephenJ. Walsh
Edward B. Espenshade,Jr. Judy Olson Daniel Gilbert Watters
Lucy A. Fellowes Theodore W. Palmer Ann H. Wells
Bruce Fetter Richard P. Palmieri James A. Welu
Norman Fiering Douglas T. Peck Louis Werner
Robert L. Fisher Mary Pedley Scott D. Westrem
John Fondersmith Edward F.·Penico Joan Winearls
Theodore N. Foss Carla Rahn and W. D. Phillips,Jr. Eric W. Wolf
John Frye Miklos Pinther John Wolter
Edward Garcia Francesco Prontera Alberta and Clifford Wood
Robert Graebner Jean M. Ray JenniferWoodward
Mark A. Green Dennis Reinhartz Jeanne and Stephen Young
Eugene M. Grossman Charles D. Reynolds Rick Ray Zellmerand Erica Schmidt
PeterJ. Guthorn John R. Ribeiro His Royal Highness The Duke of Cornwall
Contents
List of Illustrations Xl 5 Taking the World's Measure: Chinese Maps
between Observation and Text,
Preface, David Woodward XXlll Cordell D. K. Yee 96
The Government Interest in Measurement
1 Prehistoric Cartography in Asia, Water Conservancy and Cartography
Catherine Delano Smith 1 Evidentiary Scholarship and Cartography
The Mapping Impulse in Prehistoric Art Maps, Measurement, and Text
Picture Maps Numberand Text in Pei Xiu's Cartography
Plan Maps Text and Measurement in Later Cartography
Celestial Maps The Shape ofthe World: Observation versus Text
Cosmological Maps The Cartographic Grid
Problems of Interpretation
6 Chinese Cartography among the Arts: Objectivity,
2 Introduction to East Asian Cartography, Subjectivity, Representation,
Nathan Sivin and Gari Ledyard 23 Cordell D. K. Yee 128
Scope The Relation between Art and Reality
The Variety ofEast Asia Literature, Maps, and Representation of the Material
Terms World
Contents The Dual Function of Representation in Literature
Historiography Paintingand Representation
The Means and Ends of Cartography The Artistic Economy: Common Technologies of
Text and Map Production
Implications Cartographyand the Visual Arts: Conceptual and
Stylistic Connections
Cartography in China Maps as Paintings/Paintingsas Maps
Toward a Redefinition ofthe Map
3 Reinterpreting Traditional Chinese Geographical Combining Fact and Value
Maps, Cordell D. K. Yee 35
Chinese Mapping: A Mathematical Tradition? 7 Traditional Chinese Cartography and the Myth of
The Use and Abuse ofCartographic History: Flaws in Westernization, Cordell D. K. Yee 170
the Quantitative Approach The Introduction of European Cartography
Toward a Revision of the Chinese Map Tradition European Cartography and Qing Mapping
Gauging the Extent of Western Influence
4 Chinese Maps in Political Culture, Late Qing Manifestations of European Influence
Cordell D. K. Yee 71
Maps, Ritual, and Warfare 8 Chinese Cosmographical Thought: The High
Political Culture and Documentary Scholarship Intellectual Tradition,
Maps in Han Political Culture John B. Henderson 203
The Continuity of Qin and Han Practices Foundations of Geometric and Nonary Cosmography
Astrology and Celestial Mapping in Political Culture Schematic Arrangements of Various Types of Space
The Proliferation of Geographic Records Geomancy and Its Relation to Cosmography
Gazetteer Maps Later Modifications and Criticisms ofTraditional
Maps, Scholarship, and Cultural Continuity Cosmographical Schemata
VB
Contents
Vlll
Countercosmographyand Anticosmography in Qing The Yuan and Ming Dynasties (1279-1644)
Thought Celestial Cartography in Korea
Thejesuit Contribution
9 Concluding Remarks: Foundations for a Future
History of Chinese Mapping, 14 Japanese Celestial Cartography before the Meiji
Cordell D. K. Yee 228 Period, Kazuhiko Miyajima 579
Celestial Maps in Antiquity and the Middle Ages
Celestial Maps in the Edo Period
Cartography in Korea, Japan, and Vietnam
Hoshi Mandaras
Aboriginal Celestial Cartography
10 Cartography in Korea, Gari Ledyard 235
The Present State of Korean Cartographic Research
Korean Maps before the Fifteenth Century
Cartography in Greater Tibet and Mongolia
World Maps and East Asia Regional Maps
The Foundations of Korean Cartography
15 Maps of Greater Tibet,
The Shape of Korea
joseph E. Schwartzberg 607
Local, Regional, and Defense Maps
Cosmographic Maps
The Historical and Social Setting of Korean Cartography
Geographical Maps
Mongolian Cartography, C. Henrik Herb 682
11 Cartography in Japan, Kazutaka Unno 346
Introduction: The Main MappingTraditions
Ancient and Medievaljapanese Cartography before the
Cartography in Southeast Asia
Edo Period
Early Assimilation of European Cartography
16 Introduction to Southeast Asian Cartography,
The State and Cartography
joseph E. Schwartzberg 689
Development ofthe Printed Map Trade
The State of Our Knowledge
japanese Cartographyand "Dutch Learning"
The Nature of the Southeast Asian Cartographic Corpus
japanese Mapping of Their Northern Frontierand
Coastlines
17 Cosmography in Southeast Asia,
joseph E. Schwartzberg 701
12 Cartography in Vietnam,john K. Whitmore 478
Tribal Cosmographies
Cosmography
Buddhist and Hindu Cosmographies
Maps of D~i Vi~t
Astronomy, Astrology, Geomancy, and Mental Maps in
Itineraries of D~i Viet
Relation to Fields of Cosmic Force
Maps of D~i Nam
18 Southeast Asian Geographical Maps,
Celestial Mapping in East Asia joseph E. Schwartzberg 741
A Map of the Greater Part of Asia
13 Chinese and Korean Star Maps and Catalogs, Maps of Countries and Regions
F. Richard Stephenson 511 Route Maps
Independent Developments in Chinese Celestial Maps of Primarily Rural Localities
Cartography Maps of Primarily Urban Localities
The Beginnings of Celestial Cartography in China
The Constellations as Envisaged during the Western and 19 Southeast Asian Nautical Maps,
Eastern Zhou Dynasties and the Chunqiu Period Joseph E. Schwartzberg 828
(ca. 1027-468 B.C.)
Celestial Cartography in the Zhanguo Period (403-221 20 Conclusion to Southeast Asian Cartography,
B.C.) joseph E. Schwartzberg 839
The Qin and Han Dynasties (221 B.C.-A.D. 220) Nature and Distribution of the Surviving Corpus
The Three Kingdoms to the Sui Dynasty (220-618) Physical Attributes of Southeast Asian Maps
The Tang Dynasty and Five Dynasties Period (618-960) Cartographic Attributes ofSoutheast Asian Maps
The Song and Contemporary Dynasties (960-1279) Future Tasks