The Hippocampus Book (Oxford Neuroscience Series)

853 Pages·2006·23.84 MB·English

by  Per Andersen

The Hippocampus Book
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ÁÁÁÁÁ
The Hippocampus Book
EDITED BY
Per Andersen, Richard Morris,
David Amaral, Tim Bliss, & John O’Keefe
2007
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The hippocampus book / Per Andersen ...[et al.],editors.
p.;cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13:978-0-19-510027-3
ISBN-10:0-19-510027-1
1.Hippocampus (Brain)—Physiology. I.Andersen,Per.
[DNLM: 1.Hippocampus—anatomy & histology. 2.
Hippocampus—physiology. 3.Memory—physiology. 4.Models,
Theoretical. 5.Synaptic Transmission.WL 314 H666 2007]
QP383.25.H57 2007
612.8′25—dc22 2006007088
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Printed in the United States ofAmerica
on acid-free paper
To
Kari Andersen
Hilary,Louise,and Josephine Morris
David Joseph and Jennie Amaral
Isabel Vasseur
Eileen O’Keefe
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Á
Preface
The hippocampus is one ofthe most widely studied regions of card-carrying hippocampologists. Inevitably, our conversa-
the brain and is ofinterest to a wide spectrum ofneuroscien- tion turned to our favorite brain structure and in particular to
tists,ranging from those who study its normal structure and the lack ofreviews and surveys to which we could direct fledg-
function to others who study its malfunction in various dis- ling hippocampologists. Eventually, Per Andersen threw out
eases and pathological conditions. Information about it has the challenge:Could the four ofus write a treatise on the hip-
accrued across a considerable span oftime and is spread over pocampal formation that captured the essentials, derived as
a wide variety of publications.It seems all the more remark- they were from so many branches of neuroscience? He won-
able,therefore,given the explosion oftexts on every conceiv- dered whether,among us,we could cover the entire field from
able topic in neuroscience, that there is no single, synapse to behavior by way of the cells and the nerve nets in
comprehensive source of information on the hippocampal between.The original crew had a not inconsiderable breadth
formation. It would clearly be helpful to the community of of experience from physiology, psychology, and behavioral
hippocampologists to have the essential information about science, but we quickly realized the essential need for struc-
hippocampal neurobiology gathered together in one volume. tural information as one of the foundations of such a book.
This book is our attempt at a reasonably comprehensive sur- We were happy to bring on board a neuroanatomist with great
vey of hippocampal research, as viewed through many eyes knowledge and experience ofthe hippocampus,and the gang
and collected with a wide variety of methods.We hope that offour became five.
the book will be useful at several levels.For those new to the Over the next 10 years, the Editors met in numerous
arena ofhippocampal research,we hope it will act as a primer delightful venues in the United States and Europe to read each
pointing to the important advances of the past decades and other’s work and to confer on the book.Although much writ-
suggesting important research paths to be pursued; for hip- ing was done during this phase,it gradually dawned on us that
pocampal veterans, we hope that by laying bare the many two formidable obstacles made our objective significantly
uncertainties and open questions that remain,it will provide more difficult than we had originally anticipated. First, the
ample stimulus to see old problems with new eyes and to pur- material on the hippocampus was even more extensive than
sue them with renewed vigor. we had expected and,with the explosion ofneuroscience,was
The hippocampus is a structure eminently worthy ofstudy growing rapidly day by day.A recent PubMed search elicited
in its own right,but it has also been seen by many as a model more than 73,000 references to the target word “hippocam-
structure for the study of cortical function and plasticity in pus.” More daunting still, the breadth of the field had
general. The twin aims of the book therefore are to discuss expanded with the introduction of new methods and infor-
hippocampal structure and function in its own terms and to mation,not least from the rapidly developing fields ofmolec-
highlight how study of the hippocampus has revealed ideas ular biology, genetics, and development. To cover these
and advances that are ofwider significance and generality for important fields adequately, we decided to ask a set of col-
neuroscience. leagues with the appropriate specialist knowledge to join us in
The inception of The Hippocampus Book occurred many the effort.We were fortunate to attract a powerful team,and
years ago,at the end ofa symposium in the beautiful,stimu- the Editors are extremely grateful to these colleagues for their
lating city of Palermo in Sicily.We ended up at a street-side important contributions.
cafe, each with a glass of birra glowing in the setting We hope that The Hippocampus Book will prove useful to
Mediterranean sun. We were four old friends, all long-term its readers.We are confident that many share our affection for
viii Preface
this uniquely fascinating structure. If the book helps future ory and its involvement in a host ofpsychological and psychi-
neuroscientists in their planning and execution ofhippocam- atric conditions, the hippocampal formation will undoubt-
pal studies,our project will have been a success.If,in addition, edly continue to be an active focus ofenergetic research.Our
the book facilitates new lines of thought and experimental hope is that The Hippocampus Bookwill act as a springboard
approaches that challenge existing ideas and concepts, our and a guide for some ofthat research.
reward will be even greater.With its important role in mem-
Per Andersen
Richard Morris
David Amaral
Tim Bliss
John O’Keefe
Á
Acknowledgments
Over the years, several individuals and institutions have Many dozens of our colleagues have been badgered with
helped us in various ways with the creation of this book.An questions over the years and have replied with patience
important planning session took place at The Institute for and dispatch. Per Andersen particularly thanks Theodor
Neuroscience,then at The Rockefeller University.We thank its Blackstad, Gyorgyi Buzsaki, Leif Gjerstad, Vidar Jensen,
Director Gerald Edelman and Research Director Einar Gall for Edward Jones,Bruce Piercey,Geoffrey Raisman,Eric Rinvik,
their generous support. Twice we were accommodated for Thomas Sears, and Jon Storm-Mathisen. Finally, we express
writing sessions at the Centre for Advanced Studies at the our particular gratitude to Fiona Stevens,at Oxford University
Academy of Science and Letters in Oslo, and we thank the Press,New York for keeping faith with our project through too
director of the Centre Vigdis Ystad and the President of the many fallow periods and, also at OUP to Joan Bossert and
Academy Bjarne Waaler for their hospitality. At other times Mallory Jensen for the graceful pressure they applied during
we met in La Jolla, California, Overstrand, Norfolk and in the final months while shepherding the book to publication.
London at the Royal Society and the Novartis Institute. We Finally, we are deeply grateful for the efficient, yet gracious
enjoyed several editorial meetings in Edinburgh at the Centre manner, in which Berta Steiner at Bermedica Production
for Neuroscience. To all these institutions we express our helped us to bring the book to fruition.
gratitude.