Table Of ContentThe
H.igh-;Energy
LImIt
THE SUBNUCLEAR SERIES
Series Editor: ANTONINO ZICHICHI
European Physical Society
Geneva, Switzerland
1. 1963 STRONG, ELECTROMAGNETIC, AND WEAK INTERACTIONS
2. 1964 SYMMETRIES IN ELEMENTARY PARTICLE PHYSICS
3. 1965 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN PARTICLE SYMMETRIES
4. 1966 STRONG AND WEAK INTERACTIONS
5. 1967 HADRONS AND THEIR INTERACTIONS
6. 1968 THEORY AND PHENOMENOLOGY IN PARTICLE PHYSICS
7. 1969 SUBNUCLEAR PHENOMENA
8. 1970 ELEMENTARY PROCESSES AT HIGH ENERGY
9. 1971 PROPERTIES OF THE FUNDAMENTAL INTERACTIONS
10. 1972 HIGHLIGHTS IN PARTICLE PHYSICS
11. 1973 LAWS OF HADRONIC MATTER
12. 1974 LEPTON AND HADRON STRUCTURE
13. 1975 NEW PHENOMENA IN SUBNUCLEAR PHYSICS
14. 1976 UNDERSTANDING THE FUNDAMENTAL CONSTITUENTS
OF MATTER
15. 1977 THE WHYS OF SUBNUCLEAR PHYSICS
16. 1978 THE NEW ASPECTS OF SUBNUCLEAR PHYSICS
17. 1979 POINTLIKE STRUCTURES INSIDE AND OUTSIDE HADRONS
18. 1980 THE HIGH-ENERGY LIMIT
19. 1981 THE UNITY OF THE FUNDAMENTAL INTERACTIONS
Volume 1 was published by W. A. Benjamin, Inc., New York; 2-8 and 11-12 by Academic
Press, New York and London; 9-10 by Editrice Compositori, Bologna; 13-18 by Plenum
Press, New York and London.
The
H.igh-;Energy
Lzmzt
Edited by
Antonino Zichichi
European Physical SOciety
Geneva, Switzerland
PLENUM PRESS
NEW YORK AND LONDON
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
International School of Sub nuclear Physics (18th: 1980: Erice, Italy)
The high-energy limit.
(The Subnuclear series; v. 18)
"Proceedings of the Eighteenth Course of the International School of Sub
nuclear Physics, held July 31-August 11, 1980, in Erice, Trapani, Sicily"
Verso t.p.
Bibliography: p.
Includes index.
1. Particles (Nuclear physics) - Congresses. I. Zichichi, Antonino. II. Title. III.
Series.
QC793.I555 1980 539.7/2 82-10161
ISBN-13: 978-1-4613-3508-5 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4613-3506-1
DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4613-3506-1
Proceedings of the Eighteenth Course of the International School
of Sub nuclear Physics, held July 31-August 11, 1980, in Erice,
Trapani, Sicily
© 1983 Plenum Press, New York
Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover 18t edition 1983
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation
233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
PREFACE
During August 1980 a group of 85 physicists from 57 laboratories
in 21 countries met in Erice for the 18th Course of the International
School of Subnuclear Physics. The countries represented were
Argentina, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, China, Colombia,
Czechoslovakia, the Federal Republic of Germany, France, Hungary,
Israel, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Switzerland,
the United Kingdom, the United States of America, and Yugoslavia.
The School was sponsored by the Italian Ministry of Public Education
(MFI) , the Italian Ministry of Scientific and Technological Research
(MRST) , the Regional Sicilian Government (ERS), and the Weizmann
Institute of Science.
The programme of the School was mainly devoted to a review of
the very low energy corner where we are all working at present, and
to a discussion of what the future could be for subnuclear physics
before the end of this century.
On the theoretical front, the highlight of this Course was the
lectures by S. Adler on the non-local U(2) gauge theory. The non
locality at the colour-level should disappear at the colour-singlet
level -- where all particles we know of exist and should there-
fore not scare those who do not like the idea of giving up this basic
principle of quantum field theory: locality. On the other hand,
the great dream of producing the world where we live, starting from
the simplest symmetry group U(2), now seems to have a good chance
of becoming a reality. In fact the non-local U(2) gauge theory of
Adler is supposed to give us [SU(3) ® SU(2) ® U(l)]: the symmetry
groups whose gauging produces the colour forces and the electroweak
forces. Another interesting source of theoretical thought was the
H.J. Lipkin SUeS) without SU(5).
J.J. Sakurai discussed the electroweak programme for the 1980's,
and L-L. Chau presented the ISABELLE research programme with inter
esting variants and new exciting possibilities, thanks to the extreme
energies that can be reached by this new American venture. The
Baklound transformations -- known in Italy as the Bianchi transfor
mations, because Bianchi was the first to invent this for fixed y--
v
vi PREFACE
were taught by L-L. Chau in a very lucid lecture, with their physics
implications. F. Buccella reviewed the status of the Grand Unifica
tion, and V. De Alfaro lectured on the possibility that the Planck
energy has nothing to do with subnuclear physics, gravity being a
low-energy phenomenon.
On the experimental side, the highlight was the recent discovery
of a close link between pp and e+e- phenomena, thanks to the subtrac
tion of the "leading" particle effect in pp interactions.
The lectures of S.J. Lindenbaum demonstrated the non-existence
of "molecular quark states" such as "baryonium" and the like, while
emphasizing the importance of the "¢¢" resonance, which severely
violates the OZ1 rule: a discovery "neglected" for many years.
C.W. Peck reviewed the status of e+e- physics in the USA and
P. Duinker reported on the results obtained using the e+e- PETRA
machine. He emphasized the experimental evidence for the existence
of gluonic effects and the relevance of the Mark-J study which leads
to a stringent condition on the weak angle. A result of great in
terest coming from e+e- physics and affecting weak interactions --
a further example in the "electroweak" field.
C.Y. Prescott spoke about the "deep inelastic" phenomena induced
by charged leptons, and J. Steinberger about those induced by neu
trinos. Contrary to previous beliefs that have existed since several
years, it emerged from these "deep inelastic" lectures that all ex
periments can be described by the same value of A: the energy para
meter characterizing the colour forces.
J. Perez-y-Jorba reported the results of the Orsay e+e- experi
ment in the "low"-energy range where many resonances were suspected
to exist. The situation now appears more clear, and many suspected
states have been shown not to exist, while other interesting phenom
ena appear to emerge. E. Etim elaborated on how to deduce the quark
masses from the vector-meson states, and D. Schildknecht proposed
that one should not be too quick to exclude the possibility that
more than one ZO could exist. D. Cline reported on the American
large-scale underground experiment to detect the possible existence
of baryon instability, and F. Muller gave a comprehensive and updated
report on the status of "charmed" particles. S.J. Lindenbaum dedi
cated one lecture to corroborating the doubts that many physicists
share about the real existence of the "theoretical desert", ranging
from 102 GeV up to 1014-1015 GeV -- a problem whose importance was
emphasized for the first time last year in the opening lecture of
the EPS High-Energy Physics Conference at Geneva (1979). S.C.C. Ting
gave a review lecture on another key discovery of our time: that
of the heavy lepton, with all its consequences.
PREFACE vii
The lectures were followed, at every moment, by the "best
honorary student" E.P. Wigner, who concluded the course with his
superb lecture on "What we have learned".
I hope the reader will enjoy this book as much as the students
enjoyed attending the lectures and the discussion sessions, which
are the most attractive features of the School. Thanks to the work
of the Scientific Secretaries, the discussions have been reproduced
as faithfully as possible.
At various stages of my work I have enjoyed the collaboration
of many friends whose contributions have been extremely important
for the School and are highly appreciated. I thank them most warmly.
A final acknowledgement to all those who, in Erice, Bologna, and
Geneva, helped me on so many occasions and to whom I feel very much
indebted.
Antonino Zichichi
22 September 1980
CONTENTS
OPENING SPEECH
Opening Speech 1
A. Zichichi
OPENING LECTURE
Induced Gravitation 3
S.L. Adler
THEORETICAL LECTURES
Non-Local Gauge Theories 29
S.L. Adler
How far we are in Unifying the Fundamental Interactions 125
F. Buccella
Simple Lie Algebras and Dynkin Diagrams 133
F. Buccella
The Role of Newton's Constant in Einstein's Gravity 149
V. De Alfaro
Electroweak Physics of the 80's 177
J.J. Sakurai
Bianchi-Backlund Transformations, Conservation Laws, and
Linearization of Various Field Theories 249
L-L. Chau
SueS) Without SueS): Why B-L is conserved and Baryon Number
not in Unified Models of Quarks and Leptons . . . . . . •. 281
H.J. Lipkin
ix
x CONTENTS
SEMINARS ON SPECIALIZED TOPICS
Experiment to Detect Proton Decay and Neutrino Oscillations
(Using Cosmic Ray Neutrino Events) ..•....•... 307
D.B. Cline
Quark Masses from the Vector Meson Spectrum • . . . . . . .. 343
E. Etim
Induced Gravity in Quantum Theory in a Curved Space . • . .. 367
E. Etim
Why most Flavor Dependence Predictions for Non-Leptonic Charm
Decays are Wrong • . . . . . • . . . . . • . • • . 389
H.J. Lipkin
Prospects for Polarized Electrons at High Energies 415
C.Y. Prescott
Theoretical Implications on ISABELLE Physics 447
L-L. Chau
Multiparticle Hadronic Systems produ~e~ in High-Energy (pp)
Interactions, and Comparison with (e e) .•.••.... 495
M. Basile, C. Cara Romeo, L. Cifarelli, A. Contin,
G. D'Ali, B. Esposito, P. Giusti, T. Massam,
R. Nania, F. Palmonari, G. Sartorelli, G. Valenti,
and A. Zichichi
REVIEW LECTURES
Hadronic Physics of qq Light Quark Mesons, Quark Molecules
and Glueballs • . . • . . . • . . . . . . . " 509
S,J. Lindenbaum
QCD, Unification and the Road to "Asymptopia" . . . . . • •. 575
S.J. Lindenbaum
Exotic Multiquark States with Charm 599
H.J. Lipkin
Status of Charmed Particles 627
F. Muller .
Deep Inelastic Phenomena . . . . . . . . . . • . . . • . .. 677
C.Y. Prescott
