The Handbook of Humanitarian Law in Armed Conflicts

814 Pages·2008·84.38 MB·English

by  Dieter Fleck

The Handbook of International
Humanitarian Law

The
Handbook of
International
Law
SECOND EDITION
Edited by
DIETER FLECK
In collaboration with
Michael Bothe, Horst Fischer, Hans-Peter Gasser,
Christopher J. Greenwood,
Wolff Heintschel von Heinegg, Knut Ipsen, Ben F. Klappe,
Jann K. Kleffner, Nilendra Kumar,
Stefan Oeter, Roger O'Keefe, Riidiger Wolfrum
OXFORD
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O Dieter Fleck, 2008
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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Data available
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
The handbook of international humanitarian law / edited by Dieter
Fleck, in collaboration with Michael Borhe.. . [et al.1.-2nd ed.
p. cm.
Rev. ed. of: Handbook ofhumanitarian law in armed conflicts. 1999.
Includes blbliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-0-19-923250-5 (alk. paper) 1. Humanitarian law.
2. War (International law) I. Fleck, Dieter. 11. Bothe, Michael.
111. Handbook ofhumanitarian law in armed conflicts.
KZ6471.H36 2007
34 1.6'7-dc22 2007043887
Typeset by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd., Chennai, India
Printed in Great Br~ta~n
on acid-free paper by
Ashford Colour Press Limited, Gosport, Hampshire
ISBN 978-0-19-923250-5 (Hbk.)
978-0-19-957316-5 (Pbk.)
Cont ents
Preface xi
...
Introduction Dieter Fleck Xlll
List of Contributors xxi
Table ofAbbreviations xxiii
Table of International Instruments xxix
Table of Judgments and Decisions xxxv
1. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT AND
LEGAL BASIS
Christopher Greenwood
I. Definition of the Term 'Humanitarian Law'
11. Historical Development
111. Legal Sources
IV. Humanitarian Requirements and Military Necessity
V. Binding Effect ofInternational Law for the Soldier
VI. Tasks of the Legal Adviser
2. SCOPE OF APPLICATION OF
HUMANITARIAN LAW
Christopher Green wood
I. Armed Conflicts
11. Acts of War
111. Area of War
IV. Termination of Hostilities
1. Parlementaires and Protecting Powers
2. Cease-fire and Armistice
3. Capitulation
4. Conclusion of Peace
V. Relevance of Other Fields of International Law
1. Peacetime Rules
2. Human Rights
3. International Criminal Law
VI. Relevance of International Humanitarian Law in
Peacetime and Post-Conflict Military Operations
vi Contents
3. COMBATANTS AND NON-COMBATANTS 301-331
Knut +sen
I. General Rules
11. Combatants
111. Non-Combatants
IV. Persons Accompanying the Armed Forces
V. Civilian Contractors
VI. Special Forces
VII. Spies
VIII. Special Aspects ofAerial and Naval Warfare
4. METHODS AND MEANS OF COMBAT 401-479
Stefan Oeter
I. General Rules
11. Means of Combat
1. Certain Conventional Weapons
2. NBC Weapons
a) Nuclear weapons
b) Chemical weapons
c) Bacteriological (biological) and toxin weapons
111. Methods of Combat
1. Military Objectives
2. Protection of Civilian Objects
3. Protection of Works and Installations Containing
Dangerous Forces
4. Ruses ofwar and the Prohibition against Perfidy
5. Psychological Warfare
6. Reprisals
5. PROTECTION OF THE CIVILIAN
POPULATION 501-591
Hans-Peter Gasser
I. General Rules
11. Civil Defence
111. Humanitarian Assistance
IV. Belligerent Occupation
1. General Provisions
2. Legal Status of the Population
3. Rights and Duties of the Occupying Power
4. Requisition of Civilian Resources by the
Occupying Power
vii
5. Supply Activities in Occupied Territory 561-564
6. Penal Responsibility in Case ofviolation of
International Humanitarian Law 565-574
V. Aliens in the Territory of a Party to the Conflict 575-582
VI. Internment of Civilians 583-591
6. PROTECTION OF THE WOUNDED, SICK,
AND SHIPWRECKED 601-634
Jann K Kleffner
I. Wounded, Sick, and Shipwrecked Persons 601-607
11. The Dead and Missing 608-609
111. Medical Units and Transport 610-612
IV. Medical Personnel 613-619
V. Medical Aircraft WolffHeintschelu on Heinegg 620-623
VI. Hospital and Safety Zones and Localities;
Neutralized Zones 624-627
VII. The Distinctive Emblem 628-634
7. PROTECTION OF PRISONERS OF WAR 701-735
Horst Fischer
I. General
11. Beginning of Captivity
111. Conditions of Captivity
IV. Escape of Prisoners of War
V. Termination of Captivity
8. RELIGIOUS PERSONNEL 801-846
Nilendra Kumar
I. General Rules 801-817
11. Protection of Religious Personnel 818-826
111. Legal Status of Religious Personnel Retained
by a Foreign Power 827-846
9. PROTECTION OF CULTURAL PROPERTY 901-935
Roger O'Keefe
I. Definition of 'Cultural Property'
11. Respect for Cultural Property
1. General Rules
2. Special Protection
3. Enhanced Protection
...
Contents
VIII
111. Safeguarding of Cultural Property
IV. Protection of Cultural Property during Occupation
V. Transport of Cultural Property
VI. Personnel Engaged in the Protection of
Cultural Property
VII. Distinctive Marking of Cultural Property
10. THE LAW OF ARMED CONFLICT
AT SEA
WolfHeintschel von Heinegg
I. General
1. Definitions
2. Scope ofApplication
3. Acts ofNaval Warfare, Competences, and
Principles
11. Military Objectives and Protected Objects in Armed
Conflicts at Sea
1. Enemy Warships and Military Aircraft
2. Enemy Merchant Ships, their Cargo, Passengers,
and Crew
a) Enemy merchant ships
b) Cargo of enemy merchant ships
C) Crews and passengers of enemy merchant ships
3. Protected Enemy Vessels (Except Hospital Ships
and Ships Under Similar Protection)
4. Protected Enemy Aircraft (Except Medical
Aircraft)
5. Other Protected Objects
6. Targets on Land
111. Special Provisions Concerning Methods of
Naval Warfare
1. Mine Warfare
a) Types of mine warfare: principles
b) Mine laying prior to the beginning of an
armed conflict
c) Mine laying during armed conflicts
d) Duties after the cessation of hostilities
2. Torpedoes
3. Missiles
4. Submarine Warfare
5. Maritime Exclusion Zones
6. Blockade
Contents
IV. Hospital Ships
I. General
2. Conditions for Protection and Identification
3. Rights and Obligations
4. Discontinuance of Protection
5. Personnel and Crew
11. THE LAW OF NEUTRALITY
Michael Bathe
I. General
11. The Rights and Duties of Neutral States
1. General Provisions
2. War on Land
3. Naval Warfare
a) General
b) Innocent passage through territorial sea
and archipelagic waters; transit passage
C) Control by the parties to the conflict
d) Protection of neutral merchant shipping
4. Aerial Warfare
12. THE LAW OF NON-INTERNATIONAL
ARMED CONFLICTS 1201-1220 605
Dieter Fleck
I. General 1201-1206 605
11. Applicable Law 1207-1212 620
111. Legal Distinction Between International and
Non-International Armed Conflicts 1213-1215 627
IV. Compliance 1216-1220 629
13. INTERNATIONAL PEACE OPERATIONS 1301-1352
Ben E Klappe
I. General 1301-1304
11. Applicable Law 1305-1309
111. Mandates 1310-1315
IV. Rules of Engagement (ROE) 1316-1333
V. Search, Apprehension, and Detention 1334-1342
VI. Child Soldiers 1343-1347
VII. Humanitarian Assistance by Armed Forces 1348-1352