Table Of ContentThe Handbook of
Bilingualism and
Multilingualism
Blackwell Handbooks in Linguistics
This outstanding multi - volume series covers all the major subdisciplines within linguistics today and,
when complete, will offer a comprehensive survey of linguistics as a whole.
Already published:
The Handbook of Child Language The Handbook of English Linguistics
Edited by Paul Fletcher and Brian MacWhinney Edited by Bas Aarts and April McMahon
The Handbook of Phonological Theory, The Handbook of World Englishes
Second Edition Edited by Braj B. Kachru; Yamuna Kachru, and
Edited by John A. Goldsmith, Jason Riggle, and Cecil L. Nelson
Alan C. L. Yu
The Handbook of Educational Linguistics
The Handbook of Contemporary Semantic Theory Edited by Bernard Spolsky and Francis M. Hult
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The Handbook of Sociolinguistics Edited by Martin J. Ball, Michael R. Perkins,
Edited by Florian Coulmas Nicole M ü ller, and Sara Howard
The Handbook of Phonetic Sciences, Second Edition The Handbook of Pidgin and Creole Studies
Edited by William J. Hardcastle and John Laver Edited by Silvia Kouwenberg and
John Victor Singler
The Handbook of Morphology
Edited by Andrew Spencer and Arnold Zwicky The Handbook of Language Teaching
Edited by Michael H. Long and
The Handbook of Japanese Linguistics
Catherine J. Doughty
Edited by Natsuko Tsujimura
The Handbook of Language Contact
The Handbook of Linguistics
Edited by Raymond Hickey
Edited by Mark Aronoff and Janie Rees - Miller
The Handbook of Language and Speech Disorders
The Handbook of Contemporary Syntactic Theory
Edited by Jack S. Damico, Nicole M ü ller,
Edited by Mark Baltin and Chris Collins
Martin J. Ball
The Handbook of Discourse Analysis
The Handbook of Computational Linguistics and
Edited by Deborah Schiffrin, Deborah Tannen,
Natural Language Processing
and Heidi E. Hamilton
Edited by Alexander Clark, Chris Fox, and
The Handbook of Language Variation and Change Shalom Lappin
Edited by J. K. Chambers, Peter Trudgill, and
The Handbook of Language and Globalization
Natalie Schilling - Estes
Edited by Nikolas Coupland
The Handbook of Historical Linguistics
The Handbook of Hispanic Linguistics
Edited by Brian D. Joseph and Richard D. Janda
Edited by Manuel D í az - Campos
The Handbook of Language and Gender
The Handbook of Language Socialization
Edited by Janet Holmes and Miriam Meyerhoff
Edited by Alessandro Duranti, Elinor Ochs, and
The Handbook of Second Language Acquisition Bambi B. Schieffelin
Edited by Catherine J. Doughty and
The Handbook of Intercultural Discourse and
Michael H. Long
Communication
The Handbook of Bilingualism and Multilingualism, Edited by Christina Bratt Paulston,
Second Edition Scott F. Kiesling, and Elizabeth S. Rangel
Edited by Tej K. Bhatia and William C. Ritchie
The Handbook of Historical Sociolinguistics
The Handbook of Pragmatics Edited by Juan Manuel Hern á ndez - Campoy and
Edited by Laurence R. Horn and Gregory Ward Juan Camilo Conde - Silvestre
The Handbook of Applied Linguistics The Handbook of Hispanic Linguistics
Edited by Alan Davies and Catherine Elder Edited by Jos é Ignacio Hualde, Antxon Olarrea,
and Erin O ’ Rourke
The Handbook of Speech Perception
Edited by David B. Pisoni and Robert E. Remez The Handbook of Conversation Analysis
Edited by Jack Sidnell and Tanya Stivers
The Handbook of the History of English
Edited by Ans van Kemenade and Bettelou Los
The Handbook of
Bilingualism and
Multilingualism
Second Edition
Edited by
Tej K. Bhatia and William C. Ritchie
A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication
This second edition fi rst published 2013
© 2013 Blackwell Publishing, Ltd
Edition History: Blackwell Publishing, Ltd (1e, 2004)
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
The handbook of bilingualism and multilingualism / edited by Tej K. Bhatia and William C. Ritchie.
– Second edition.
pages cm
Extensive revision of: The handbook of bilingualism. 2004.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4443-3490-6
1. Bilingualism. 2. Multilingualism. I. Bhatia, Tej K. II. Ritchie, William C. III. Handbook of
bilingualism.
P115.H365 2012
404'.2–dc23
2012010708
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Jacket image: © Artelia / Dreamstime.com
Jacket design by Workhaus.
Set in 10/12 pt Palatino by Toppan Best-set Premedia Limited
1 2013
To the memory of the thirty - fi ve Syracuse University students who lost their lives
in the terror bombing of Pan American Airways fl ight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland,
on December 21, 1988, and to all other innocent victims of terrorism.
Contents
Acknowledgments xi
Contributors xii
Introduction xxi
Tej K. Bhatia and William C. Ritchie
Part I Overview and Foundations 1
Introduction 3
Tej K. Bhatia
1 Bilingualism and Multilingualism: Some Central Concepts 5
John Edwards
2 Conceptual and Methodological Issues in Bilingualism and
Multilingualism Research 26
Li Wei
Part II Neurological and Psychological Aspects of Bilingualism
and Multilingualism 53
Introduction 55
William C. Ritchie
The Neurology of Bilingualism and Multilingualism 59
3 Bilingual Aphasia: Theoretical and Clinical Considerations 61
Elizabeth Ijalba, Loraine K. Obler, and Shyamala Chengappa
Approaches to Bilingualism, Multilingualism, and
Second-Language Acquisition 85
4 The Bilingual Child 87
Ludovica Serratrice
5 Bilingualism/Multilingualism and Second-Language Acquisition 109
Yuko Goto Butler
6 Multilingualism: New Perspectives on Syntactic Development 137
Éva Berkes and Suzanne Flynn
viii Contents
7 Bilingualism and the Heritage Language Speaker 168
Silvina Montrul
Bilingual and Multilingual Language Use: Knowledge,
Comprehension, and Production 191
8 Two Linguistic Systems in Contact: Grammar, Phonology,
and Lexicon 193
Pieter Muysken
9 The Comprehension of Words and Sentences in Two Languages 216
Judith F. Kroll and Paola E. Dussias
10 An Appraisal of the Bilingual Language Production System:
Quantitatively or Qualitatively Different from Monolinguals? 244
Elin Runnqvist, Ian FitzPatrick, Kristof Strijkers,
and Albert Costa
Bilingualism and Multilingualism: Memory, Cognition,
and Emotion 267
11 Bilingual Memory 269
Roberto R. Heredia and Jeffrey M. Brown
12 Bilingualism and Emotion: Implications for Mental Health 292
Ines Martinovic and Jeanette Altarriba
The Bilingual’s and Multilingual’s Repertoire: Code-Mixing,
Code-Switching, and Communication Accommodation 321
13 Code-Switching and Grammatical Theory 323
Jeff MacSwan
14 Sign Language–Spoken Language Bilingualism and
the Derivation of Bimodally Mixed Sentences 351
Gerald P. Berent
15 Social and Psychological Factors in Language Mixing 375
William C. Ritchie and Tej K. Bhatia
16 Accommodating Multilinguality 391
Itesh Sachdev, Howard Giles, and Anne Pauwels
17 Bilingualism and Gesture 417
Marianne Gullberg
Part III Societal Bilingualism/Multilingualism and its Effects 439
Introduction 441
Tej K. Bhatia
Language Contact, Maintenance, and Endangerment 443
18 The Bilingual and Multilingual Community 445
Suzanne Romaine
Contents ix
19 Language Maintenance, Language Shift, and Reversing
Language Shift 466
Joshua A. Fishman
20 Linguistic Imperialism and Endangered Languages 495
Robert Phillipson and Tove Skutnabb-Kangas
21 Multilingualism, Indigenization, and Creolization 517
Jeff Siegel
22 Multilingualism and Family Welfare 542
Xiao-Lei Wang
Bilingualism and Multilingualism: The Media, Education,
Literacy, and the Law 563
23 Bilingualism and Multilingualism in the Global Media
and Advertising 565
Tej K. Bhatia and William C. Ritchie
24 Bilingual Education 598
Wayne E. Wright
25 The Impact of Bilingualism on Language and Literacy Development 624
Ellen Bialystok
26 Bilingualism and Writing Systems 649
Benedetta Bassetti
27 Multilingualism and Forensic Linguistics 671
Tej K. Bhatia and William C. Ritchie
Part IV Global Perspectives and Challenges: Case Studies 701
Introduction 703
William C. Ritchie
28 Bilingualism and Multilingualism in North America 707
William F. Mackey
29 Bilingualism in Latin America 725
Anna María Escobar
30 Bilingualism in Europe 745
Andrée Tabouret-Keller
31 Turkish as an Immigrant Language in Europe 770
Ad Backus
32 Multilingualism in Southern Africa 791
Nkonko M. Kamwangamalu
33 Multilingualism in Greater China and the Chinese
Language Diaspora 813
Sherman Lee and David C. S. Li
34 Bilingualism and Multilingualism in South Asia 843
Tej K. Bhatia and William C. Ritchie
35 Multilingualism and Language Renewal in Ex-Soviet Central Asia 871
Birgit N. Schlyter
x Contents
36 Bilingualism/Multilingualism in the Middle East and
North Africa: A Focus on Cross-National and Diglossic
Bilingualism/Multilingualism 899
Judith Rosenhouse
Index 920
Acknowledgments
We are grateful fi rst and foremost to the contributors, whose cooperation in
putting this work together was nothing short of remarkable. Our heartfelt
thanks are also due to a number of people at Blackwell including particularly
Danielle Descoteaux, the Acquisitions Editor in Linguistics, Julia Kirk, our Project
Editor, and Tessa Hanford, Project Manager, for their unstinting patience and
encouragement.
We are also grateful to our teachers and colleagues, Yamuna and Braj Kachru,
Barbara Lust, James Gair, K. Machida, Rajeshwari Pandharipande, Hans Hock,
Meena and S. N. Sridhar who have deeply infl uenced our work. The volume
also benefi ted immeasurably from the advice and counsel of a number of valued
colleagues: Virginia Valian, Jyotsna Vaid, Loraine Obler, Judith Kroll, Fran ç ois
Grosjean, and John Edwards.
For Bhatia: The D.A.V school system (India) is particularly worthy of his
deepest appreciation for imparting a commendable academic training and provid-
ing much - needed global and multicultural vision during his formative years in
India.
Our families – Shobha, Kevin, Kanika, and Ankit; Laurie, Jane, Peter, and
Marnie – have supported us immensely with their love and affection; no words
can express our deepest appreciation to them.
Finally, we are grateful to Dr. Ben Ware, Vice President of Research and Com-
puting at Syracuse University (for assistance with the fi rst edition of this work)
and the College of Arts and Science at Syracuse, George M. Langford, Dean,
for their support of this project, particularly in the form of a Research Leave for
Ritchie, so he could devote full time to the project. In addition, we wish to thank
Senior Associate Dean Gerald Greenberg for his support. This work has also ben-
efi ted from the support of the Syracuse University Humanities Center in the form
of a grant to fi nance a symposium held in the fall of 2009 at Syracuse entitled ‘ The
Bilingual Mind. ’ We express our deep gratitude to Gregg Lambert, Director of the
Center and PI of the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Grant for the Mellon Central
New York Humanities Corridor for this support.
