Table Of Content3/C PMS (BLACK C, 809, 8001)
SOFT TOUCH MATTE LAM + INTERACTIVE ILLUSION
CURRENT EVENTS & POLITICS T $26.99 / $34.99 CAN
A D A M S E G A L
H
E
T H E
H FOR MORE THAN THREE HUNDRED YEARS,
JUST AS HISTORIANS CONSIDER 1947
as the year that
A the world wrestled with conflicts that arose
two clear sides in the Cold War emerged, we will look back at the year that
between nation-states. Nation-states wielded
C
H A C K E D
stretches roughly from June 2012 to June 2013 as Year Zero in the battle military force, financial pressure, and diplomatic
K
persuasion to create “world order.” Even after
over cyberspace. It was by no means the first year to witness an important
E
WHITE the end of the Cold War, the elements comprising
DAVID cyberattack or massive data breach; those had arguably happened several D world order remained essentially unchanged.
ADAM SEGAL times before....It was in 2012 that nation-states around the world visibly
is the Maurice R. Greenberg W But 2012 marked a transformation in geopoli-
Senior Fellow for China studies and director of reasserted their control over the flow of data and information in search of tics and the tactics of both the established powers
O
the Program on Digital and Cyberspace Policy at power, wealth, and influence, finally laying to rest the already battered myth and smaller entities looking to challenge the
W O R L D
the Council on Foreign Relations. His work has R international community. That year, the US gov-
of cyberspace as a digital utopia, free of conventional geopolitics. The assault
appeared in the Financial Times, Economist, L ernment revealed its involvement in “Operation
on this vision was comprehensive, global, and persistent. The conflict in
Foreign Policy, Wall Street Journal, and Foreign D Olympic Games,” a mission aimed at disrupting
cyberspace will only become more belligerent, the stakes more consequen-
Affairs, among others. Follow him on Twitter the Iranian nuclear program through cyberat-
@adschina. tial....We will all be caught in the fallout as the great powers, and many of the O tacks; Russia and China conducted massive
lesser ones, attack, surveil, influence, steal from, and trade with each other. R O R D E R cyber-espionage operations; and the world split
over the governance of the Internet. Cyberspace
—THE HACKED WORLD ORDER D
became a battlefield.
E
Cyber conflict is hard to track, often delivered
R
by proxies, and has outcomes that are hard to
gauge. It demands that the rules of engagement
be completely reworked and all the old niceties
ADAM of diplomacy be recast. Many of the critical
JACKET DESIGN BY PETE GARCEAU H O W N A T I O N S F I G H T , T R A D E ,
SEGAL resources of statecraft are now in the hands of
JACKET ILLUSTRATIONS BY ISTOCK/GETTY IMAGES $26.99 / $34.99 CAN
the private sector, giant technology companies
M A N E U V E R , A N D M A N I P U L A T E
in particular. In this new world order, cybersecu-
AVAILABLE AS AN E-BOOK
VISIT WWW.PUBLICAFFAIRSBOOKS.COM A COUNCIL ON FOREIGN RELATIONS BOOK I N T H E D I G I T A L A G E rity expert Adam Segal reveals, power has been
FOLLOW @PUBLIC_AFFAIRS ON TWITTER WWW.PUBLICAFFAIRSBOOKS.COM well and truly hacked.
INTERACTIVE ILLUSION INDICATED ON PAGE 2
THE HACKED WORLD ORDER
T H E H A C K E D
W O R L D O R D E R
HOW NATIONS FIGHT, TRADE, MANEUVER,
AND MANIPULATE IN THE DIGITAL AGE
A DA M SEG A L
A COUNCIL ON FOREIGN RELATIONS BOOK
PUBLICAFFAIRS
NEW YORK
Copyright © 2016 by Adam Segal.
Published in the United States by PublicAffairs™, a Member of the Perseus Books Group
All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America.
A Council on Foreign Relations Book
No part of this book may be reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission
except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. For informa-
tion, address PublicAffairs, 250 West 57th Street, 15th Floor, New York, NY 10107.
PublicAffairs books are available at special discounts for bulk purchases in the U.S. by cor-
porations, institutions, and other organizations. For more information, please contact the
Special Markets Department at the Perseus Books Group, 2300 Chestnut Street, Suite 200,
Philadelphia, PA 19103, call (800) 810-4145, ext. 5000, or e-mail special.markets@perseus
books.com.
Book design by Jack Lenzo
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Segal, Adam, 1968– author.
Title: The hacked world order : how nations fight, trade, maneuver, and
manipulate in the digital age / Adam Segal.
Description: New York : PublicAffairs, 2016. | Includes bibliographical
references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2015030885| ISBN 9781610394154 (hardback) | ISBN
9781610394161 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Internet and international relations. | Technology and
international relations. | Internet in espionage. | Cyberterrorism. |
Cyberspace—Political aspects. | Hacking—Political aspects. | BISAC:
POLITICAL SCIENCE / International Relations / General. | POLITICAL SCIENCE
/ Political Freedom & Security / International Security. | COMPUTERS /
Internet / Security.
Classification: LCC JZ1254 .S44 2016 | DDC 327.10285/4678—dc23 LC record available at
http://lccn.loc.gov/2015030885
First Edition
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
The Council on Foreign Relations (CFR) is an independent, nonpartisan membership
organization, think tank, and publisher dedicated to being a resource for
its members, government officials, business executives, journalists, educa-
tors and students, civic and religious leaders, and other interested citizens
in order to help them better understand the world and the foreign policy
choices facing the United States and other countries. Founded in 1921, CFR
carries out its mission by maintaining a diverse membership, with special
programs to promote interest and develop expertise in the next generation
of foreign policy leaders; convening meetings at its headquarters in New
York and in Washington, DC, and other cities where senior government offi-
cials, members of Congress, global leaders, and prominent thinkers come
together with CFR members to discuss and debate major international issues;
supporting a Studies Program that fosters independent research, enabling
CFR scholars to produce articles, reports, and books and hold roundtables
that analyze foreign policy issues and make concrete policy recommenda-
tions; publishing Foreign Affairs, the preeminent journal on international
affairs and U.S. foreign policy; sponsoring Independent Task Forces that
produce reports with both findings and policy prescriptions on the most
important foreign policy topics; and providing up-to-date information and
analysis about world events and American foreign policy on its website,
www.cfr.org. The Council on Foreign Relations takes no institutional posi-
tions on policy issues and has no affiliation with the U.S. government. All
views expressed in its publications and on its website are the sole responsibil-
ity of the author or authors.
For my children, Lily and Noah Segal
CONTENTS
Chapter 1: The Hacked World Order 1
Chapter 2: The Anatomy of Cyber Power 27
Chapter 3: Guardians of Peace, Little Green Men,
and the Electronic Armies of the Future 51
Chapter 4: Breaking Things and the Search for Order 79
Chapter 5: Everybody Spies 111
Chapter 6: The Battle over Data:
Security, Privacy, and Trade Power 143
Chapter 7: Let Slip the Twitter Followers of War:
Information, Ideas, and Legitimacy 175
Chapter 8: Geopolitics Strikes Back: Nation-States
and the Politics of Internet Governance 201
Chapter 9: After Pax Digital Americana 225
Acknowledgments 247
Notes 251
Index 293
ix
