Table Of ContentThe Habsburg Monarchy, 1490–1848
European History in Perspective
General Editor: Jeremy Black
Benjamin Arnold Medieval Germany
Ronald Asch The Thirty Years’ War
Christopher Bartlett Peace, War and the European Powers, 1814–1914
Robert Bireley The Refashioning of Catholicism, 1450–1700
Donna Bohanan Crown and Nobility in Early Modern France
Arden Bucholz Moltke and the German Wars, 1864–1871
Patricia Clavin The Great Depression, 1929–1939
Paula Sutter Fichtner The Habsburg Monarchy, 1490–1848
Mark Galeotti Gorbachev and his Revolution
David Gates Warfare in the Nineteenth Century
Martin P. Johnson The Dreyfus Affair
Peter Musgrave The Early Modern European Economy
J. L. Price The Dutch Republic in the Seventeenth Century
A. W. Purdue The Second World War
Christopher Read The Making and Breaking of the Soviet System
Francisco J. Romero-Salvado Twentieth-Century Spain
Matthew S. Seligmann and Roderick R. McLean
Germany from Reich to Republic, 1871–1918
Brendan Simms The Struggle for Mastery in Germany, 1779–1850
David Sturdy Louis XIV
Hunt Tooley The Western Front
Peter Waldron The End of Imperial Russia, 1855–1917
James D. White Lenin
Patrick Williams Philip II
European History in Perspective
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The Habsburg
Monarchy, 1490–1848
Attributes of Empire
PAULA SUTTER FICHTNER
© Paula Sutter Fichtner 2003
All rights reserved.No reproduction,copy or transmission of this
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No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced,copied or
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work in accordance with the Copyright,Designs and Patents Act 1988.
First published 2003 by
PALGRAVE MACMILLAN
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PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave
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ISBN 978-0-333-73727-9 hardback
ISBN 978-0-333-73728-6 ISBN 978-1-137-10642-1 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-137-10642-1
This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully
managed and sustained forest sources.
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Fichtner,Paula S.
The Habsburg Monarchy,1490-1848 :attributes of empire / Paula
Sutter Fichtner.
p.cm.– (European history in perspective)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-333-73727-9 – ISBN 978-0-333-73728-6 (pbk.)
1. Habsburg,House of. 2. Austria–History–1519-1740.
3. Austria–History–1740-1789. 4. Austria–History–1789-1900.
5. Austria–History–1867-1918. 6. Nationalism–Austria.
7. Austria–Ethnic relations. 8. Holy Roman Empire–History. I. Title.
II. European history in perspective (Palgrave (Firm))
DB36.3.H3F53 2003
943.6¢03–dc21
2002044804
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03
For Fritz Fellner
Contents
Acknowledgements x
A Note on Style xi
Map 1:East central Europe, c.1570 xii
Map 2:East central Europe, c.1721 xiv
Map 3:East central Europe, c.1815 xvi
Some Introductory Considerations xviii
Habsburg Family Tree xxiv
Chapter 1: The Pattern of Empire 1
From Petty Princes to European Rulers 1
Dynastic Marriage: Its Uses and Limitations 3
Attempting an Empire 7
Ferdinand I and the Construction of Habsburg Central
Europe 11
Administering an Empire 18
Religious Divisions 21
Catholics Rearm 24
Conflict in the House of Habsburg 26
Chapter 2: An Empire Takes Hold 31
The Habsburgs, Ferdinand of Styria, and the
Counter-Reformation 31
Crisis, Conflict, and Dynastic Opportunity 34
vii
viii CONTENTS
The Terms of a Modus Vivendi 36
The Thirty Years War, Europe, and the Habsburg Borders 39
Reconquering Hungary 44
Subduing the Hungarians 53
Sealing a Hegemony 55
Chapter 3: Creating a State 59
A Dynasty at Risk 59
The Unlikely Empress 63
New Threats From Abroad 64
Worrisome Frontiers, 1763–80 66
Survival Through Reform, 1740–80 67
The Limits of Collaboration, 1780–90 80
Traces of the Future 86
Chapter 4: Holding the Center 89
Rescuing the Habsburg Monarchy from Within 89
An Old Empire and a New 95
One Dynasty, One People 102
The Dynasty Reasserts Itself 106
Chapter 5: Revolution: Text and Subtext 113
Some Steps Toward Recovery 113
Accumulating Grievances, 1815–48 116
Revolutions and Counter-Revolution 128
Chapter 6: From One to Many 139
Hints of Former Connections 139
A Culture Accessible to All 140
Accommodation to Diversity: Education, Language,
and Dynastic Interest 147
From Vernacular to Particular: The Austrian Example 149
From National Language to National Culture: Italy 158
From National Language to National Culture: Hungary 161
From National Language to National Culture: Bohemia 163
The One Now Many 166
CONTENTS ix
A Summary Afterword 167
Notes 171
Bibliography 194
Index 211
Acknowledgements
I am grateful for the opportunity to thank the several people whose
patient reading of this manuscript reminded me once again how much
scholarship is a collegial enterprise. The insightful suggestions of Katie
Arens, Karin MacHardy, Miriam Levy, Peter Judson, and Gabor Vermes
improved the book in countless ways. As always, Edward Fichtner was gen-
erous in both scholarly and technical advice and supremely tolerant of
an often-distressed author. Whatever flaws the book has are my respon-
sibility and mine alone.
The author and publishers also wish to thank the following for per-
mission to use copyright material:
University of Washington Press, for the three maps from Historical Atlas
of East Central Europe by Paul Robert Magocsi, © 1993. Reprinted by
permission of the University of Washington Press.
Every effort has been made to trace the copyright holders but if any
have been inadvertently overlooked the publishers will be pleased to
make the necessary arrangement at the first opportunity.
x
