Table Of Content
Copyright
This edition first published in the United States
and the United Kingdom in 2011 by Overlook Duckworth NEW YORK:
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Copyright © 2001 by David Brewer All rights reserved. No part of this
publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information
storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without permission in
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ISBN 978-1-46831-251-5
For Elisabeth
Rise like Lions after slumber
In unvanquishable number –
Shake your chains to earth like dew
Which in sleep have fallen on you.
—SHELLEY, The Mask of Anarchy
Contents
Copyright
Dedication
Epigraph
Illustrations
Acknowledgements
A note on pronunciation
A note on currencies and prices
Maps
1. Revolution and the Great Church
2. Resentment and Regeneration
3. Two Prophets of Revolution
4. The Philikí Etería
5. Ali Pasha
6. Revolt along the Danube
7. Doubts and Deliberations in the South
8. The Storm Breaks
9. The Land War
10. The War at Sea
11. The Turkish Reaction
12. The Capture of Tripolis
13. Forming a Government
14. The Eyes of the World on Greece
15. The Philhellenes in Action
16. Chios
17. The Expedition of Dramali
18. The Greeks Divided
19. Byron’s Road to Greece
20. Byron at Mesolongi
21. Gold from London
22. Civil War in Greece
23. Ibrahim in the Peloponnese
24. The Involvement of the Powers
25. Odysseus and Trelawny
26. The Fall of Mesolongi
27. The Second English Loan
28. Desperate Remedies
29. Athens, the Last Ottoman Success
30. The Treaty of London and the Admirals’ Instructions
31. Navarino
32. Kapodhístrias, a Border and a King
Notes
Select Bibliography
Index
Illustrations
1. Alphonse-Apollodore Callet, L’Embarquement des Parganiotes
2. Koraís and Rígas, by Albrecht Adam
3. Ali Pasha on the lake at Butrint, by Louis Dupré 4. A sketch of Ali
Pasha’s Iánnina
5. Monemvasía, by P. Baccouel
6. Bishop Yermanós raising the flag of independence, by Ludovico Lipparini
7. Portrait of Theódhoros Koloktrónis, lithograph by Franz Hanfstaengl
8. Makriyánnis, by Hanfstaengl
9. Mavrokordhátos: in 1819, lithograph by Gallot; as fop, lithograph by
Hanfstaengl; and as military commander, by Oliver Voutier 10. Byron as
glorious youth, by Thomas Phillips 11. Byron aged 35, by Count d’Orsay
12. Eugène Delacroix, Scènes des massacres de Scio
13. The Valley of the Soúli, engraving after a painting by W. L. Leitch 14.
Thomas Gordon, lithograph by Hanfstaengl 15. Andréas Miaoúlis,
lithograph by Hanfstaengl 16. Edward John Trelawny, by Joseph Severn
17. Odysseus Andhroútsos, by A. Friedel
18. Eugène Delacroix, La Grèce sur les ruines de Missolonghi
19. Horace Vernet, La Retraite
20. Theódhoros Vrizákis, The Exodus from Mesolongi
21. Panayiótis Zográphos, Siege of Athens, 1826–7
22. Ambroise-Louis Garneray, Navarino, 20th October 1827
23. Iánnis Kapodhístrias, by Am. Bouvier
24. The assassination of Kapodhístrias, by Dhionísios Tsókos The author and
publisher would like to thank the following for permission to reproduce
illustrations: Plate 1, © Rouen, Musée des Beaux-Arts, photograph Didier
Tragin/Catherine Lancien; 2 and 6, National Historical Museum, Athens; 3,
7 and 21, Gennadius Library, American School of Classical Studies,
Athens; 4, 9 above left, above right, 10, 11, 14, 15 and 23, John Murray
Archive; 12, Musée du Louvre, Paris; 16, National Portrait Gallery,
London; 18, © Musée des Beaux-Arts, Bordeaux, photograph Lysiane
Gauthier; 20, Mesolongi Museum; 22, Private Collection; and 24, Benaki
Museum, Athens.
Acknowledgements
My sincere thanks, not just formal ones, to my agent Bruce Hunter of David
Higham Associates, who backed this book from his first sight of the text; to all at
John Murray and especially my editor Grant McIntyre, whose perceptive advice
gave this book its shape; and to my daughter Sophie and my nephew Nick
McDowell who pointed the way through the, to me, uncharted seas of publishing
to such congenial havens.
The book has been greatly improved by the meticulous and thoughtful copy-
editing of Peter James. Any remaining errors are, of course, my responsibility.
My thanks also to the unfailingly helpful staff of a number of libraries and
museums: in London, the British Library, King’s College Library and the
London Library; in Athens, the Gennadios Library and the National Historical
Museum; and elsewhere in Greece the Koraís library in Chios, the Mesolongi
museum, the Navplion public library, the René Puaux gallery and library in
Pílos, and the Centre for Hellenic Studies in Thessalonika. Quotations from
Richard Clogg, ed., The Movement for Greek Independence 1770–1821,
Macmillan, 1976, are reproduced with permission of Palgrave.
Many people have read part or all of the text and their comments have been
most valuable. Thank you to Geoffrey Chandler, Irene Chapman, Anne Fleming,
Olga Hill, John Laughland, Geoffrey Lewis, Ethel Martin, Christopher and Sue
McDowell, Diana Owen, Michael Ward, Bill White and Penry Williams. I am
particularly indebted to two friends who have read the whole text: to Nikos
Kokantzis, not least for pointing out ways in which I may unwittingly have
offended Greek susceptibilities, and to Jerry Schneewind for his unerring advice
on accuracy, clarity and proper presentation of the wider picture. Special thanks
also to James and Poppet Codrington for access to and guidance through the
Codrington papers, and their hospitality while I studied this rich archive.
A writer’s family is always part of the making of a book, and my own family
has been involved in the fortunes of this one for a long time. Thank you to my
daughters, who have given it their interest and backing for as long as they can
remember, and to my stepchildren who have joined that chorus of generous
encouragement. My biggest thank-you goes to my wife Elisabeth. Her patience
and persistence in turning jumbled manuscript into a presentable text, and her
forthright comments on it, were invaluable. But her greatest contribution was her
love and support throughout the pains and pleasures of the book’s emergence
from the chrysalis of an idea to fly off fully formed into the sunlight. It is her
book too, and I am delighted to dedicate it to her.
