Table Of ContentThe Global University
Historical Studies in Education
Edited by William J. Reese and John L. Rury
William J. Reese , Carl F. Kaestle WARF Professor of Educational Policy
Studies and History, the University of Wisconsin-Madison
John L. Rury , Professor of Education and (by courtesy) History, the
University of Kansas
This series features new scholarship on the historical development of educa-
tion, defined broadly, in the United States and elsewhere. Interdisciplinary in
orientation and comprehensive in scope, it spans methodological boundaries
and interpretive traditions. Imaginative and thoughtful history can contrib-
ute to the global conversation about educational change. Inspired history
lends itself to continued hope for reform, and to realizing the potential for
progress in all educational experiences.
Published by Palgrave Macmillan:
Democracy and Schooling in California: The Legacy of Helen Heffernan and
Corinne Seeds
By Kathleen Weiler
The Global University: Past, Present, and Future Perspectives
Edited by Adam R. Nelson and Ian P. Wei
The Global University
Past, Present, and Future Perspectives
Edited by
Adam R. Nelson and Ian P. Wei
THE GLOBAL UNIVERSITY
Copyright © Adam R. Nelson and Ian P. Wei, 2012.
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2012 978-0-230-39245-8
All rights reserved.
First published in 2012 by
PALGRAVE MACMILLAN®
in the United States— a division of St. Martin’s Press LLC,
175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010.
Where this book is distributed in the UK, Europe and the rest of the world,
this is by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited,
registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills,
Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS.
Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies
and has companies and representatives throughout the world.
Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States,
the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries.
ISBN 978-1-349-35195-4 ISBN 978-0-230-39246-5 (eBook)
DOI 10.1057/9780230392465
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
The global university : past, present, and future perspectives /
edited by Adam R. Nelson and Ian P. Wei.
p. cm.—(Historical studies in education)
1. Education, Higher—Cross-cultural studies. 2. Universities and
colleges—Cross-cultural studies. 3. Education and globalization—
Cross-cultural studies. 4. Higher education and state—Cross-cultural
studies. 5. Education—Aims and objectives—Cross-cultural studies.
I. Nelson, Adam R. II. Wei, Ian P.
LB2322.2.G548 2012
378—dc23 2011040817
A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library.
Design by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd., Chennai, India.
First edition: April 2012
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
List of Figures and Tables v ii
Foreword i x
Acknowledgments xi
Introduction 1
Adam R. Nelson
Part I Regionalism(s) and Global
Higher-Education Reform
1 Global Aspirations and Strategizing for World-Class
Status: New Modes of Higher-Education Governance
and the Emergence of Regulatory Regionalism in
East Asia 25
Ka Ho Mok
2 Contributing to the Southeast Asian Knowledge
Economy? Australian Offshore Campuses in Malaysia
and Vietnam 5 5
Anthony R. Welch
Part II T he Changing Dimensions of
University Governance
3 Collegiality and Hierarchy: Coordinating Principles in
Higher Education 85
Ivar Bleiklie
4 The Twenty-First-Century University: Dilemmas of
Leadership and Organizational Futures 105
Rosemary Deem
vi CONTENTS
Part III Academic Roles and the
Purposes of Universities
5 Medieval Universities and Aspirations to
Universal Significance 1 33
Ian P. Wei
6 The Changing Role of the Academic:
Historical and Comparative Perspectives 1 53
Xu Xiaozhou and Xue Shan
Part IV Shifting Patterns of Graduate and
Undergraduate Education
7 Toward General Education in the Global University:
The Chinese Model 177
Chen Hongjie, Shen Wenqin, and Cai Leiluo
8 Doctoral Education and the Global University:
Student Mobility, Hierarchy, and Canadian
Government Policy 1 89
Glen A. Jones and Bryan Gopaul
Part V Universities and External Funding
9 What Can Modern Universities Learn from the Past?
English Universities Working with Industry, 1870–1914 2 13
John Taylor
10 Universities and the Effects of External Funding:
Sub-Saharan Africa and the Nordic Countries 231
Peter Maassen
Conclusion: Lessons from the Past, Considerations
for the Future 255
Adam R. Nelson and Ian P. Wei
Notes on Contributors 2 67
Figures and Tables
Figures
6.1 D omestic publications at all kinds of research
institutions (1988–1997) 160
6.2 I nternational publications at all kinds of research
institutions (1988–1997) 160
6.3 The number of patents awarded to universities in
China (2001–2006) 1 61
6.4 The number of sell patents awarded to Chinese
universities (2001–2005) 161
6.5 Expenditures on public service in US universities
(1980–1990) 163
6.6 Income from public teaching in US universities
(1980–1990) 163
6.7 E xpenditures on teaching and research in
US universities (1980–1990) 1 64
Tables
1.1 The first and second phase of Brain Korea 21 Project,
South Korea 32
1.2 N umber of institutions in the top-200 list of
the T imes’ World University Rankings, 2008 and 2009
(selected cases) 4 0
1.3 C ivil and state regulation 4 3
2.1 Modes of provision of cross-border education services
under GATS 57
2.2 International student enrollment growth, Australia, the
United Kingdom, and the United States, 1980–2002 5 8
2.3 International students in selected Victorian universities
by onshore/offshore status, 2000 59
2.4 P apers and citations, by country, 1980s and 1990s 62
2.5 US patents granted, by region, country, and level of
development 62
viii FIGURES AND TABLES
2.6 F DI inflows to Malaysia and Vietnam, China and
Asia, 1970–2003 (US$ billion) 63
2.7 E stimated world inward FDI, average annual flows,
education (US$ million) 65
2.8 Comparative economic indicators, Malaysia and
Vietnam 67
2.9 Private higher-education institutions in Malaysia,
May 2001 67
2.10 E nrollments, public, semipublic, and private
higher-education institutions, 1996–1997 and
2006–2007 7 1
6.1 H igher-education enrollment rate in selected
industrialized countries, 1995–2007 1 56
6.2 H igher-education enrollments in China, 1999–2008 1 56
6.3 Chinese universities awarding more than 100 patents
continuously (2003–2006) 159
6.4 Research support from government and business
enterprises in China (1998–2007) 159
6.5 The types of financial support of US university
(1980–1990) 168
9.1 Localities of registered students in the
University of Leeds 224
10.1 E nrollments according to level, 1999/2000 and
2006/2007, selected African universities 2 44
10.2 E nrollments according to level, 2007, selected Nordic
universities 2 44
10.3 Masters and doctoral degree enrollments and
outputs; 1999/2000 and 2006/2007, selected
African universities 245
10.4 M asters and doctoral degree enrollments and
outputs; 1999/2000 and 2006/2007, selected
Nordic universities 2 45
10.5 N umber of articles in refereed academic journals
(2007) in selected African and Nordic universities 246
10.6 Scientific publication in 2006–2008 in
selected countries 247
10.7 R elative citation index for selected countries,
total numbers for five-year period 2002–2006
(world average = 100) 248
Foreword
There can be little doubt that the age of the global university is upon
us. As the contributors to this volume make clear, however, there is
little consensus on what exactly the term may mean. In the pages that
follow Adam Nelson’s expansive introduction, they explore a wide
range of issues in the development of universities around the world in
addressing the question. Ultimately, it appears, the global university
can take many forms as it responds to an array of social, economic,
and political forces that stem from particular historical contexts. The
chapters in this book demonstrate the salience of past circumstances
by examining the development of higher education in a variety of
settings.
As Professor Nelson notes, a great deal has been written about
globalization in higher education in recent years. Much of this litera-
ture has been sociological or economic in orientation, focusing on
isomorphic or market forces that appear to compel convergence in
university policies, curricula, governance structures, and institutional
goals. The chapters in this book acknowledge these trends but also
point to the great variety that exists in institutional forms from one
part of the world to another. Universities exist in specific places and
are inevitably shaped by local traditions, political conflicts, resource
limitations, and competitive pressures. Implicitly and explicitly, these
chapters collectively challenge the idea that there is a single path for
higher education in an age of global social and economic develop-
ment. To a large extent this perspective flows from a historical inter-
pretive vantage point.
In the course of this discussion, the book addresses a host of issues
germane to universities today. One is the growing role of the state
in fostering—or limiting—the development of institutions. Another
is the neoliberal policy regime that appears ascendant in policy for-
mation throughout much of the West. Universities in less developed
countries clearly face a different set of issues than their counterparts
in North America and Europe. Institutions in so-called emergent
nations, especially on the Pacific Rim, may face different challenges.
