The Geostationary Applications Satellite (Cambridge Aerospace Series)

230 Pages·2004·6.33 MB·English

by  Peter Berlin

The geostationary applications satellite

CAMBRIDGE AEROSPACE SERIES
The geostationary
applications satellite
PETER BERLIN
The right of the
University of Cambridge
to print and sell
all manner of books
was granted by
Henry VIII in 1534.
The University has printed
and published continuously
since 1584.
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
Cambridge
New York New Rochelle
Melbourne Sidney
PUBLISHED BY THE PRESS SYNDICATE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE
The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK
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http://www.cambridge.org
© Cambridge University Press 1988
This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception
and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without
the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published 1988
First paperback edition 2004
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress cataloguing in publication data
Berlin, Peter.
The geostationary applications satellite/by Peter Berlin,
p. cm. - (Cambridge aerospace series)
Includes index.
1. Geostationary satellites. I. Title. II. Series.
TL796.6.E2B47 1988
629.43'4 - dcl9 88-9560
CIP
ISBN 0 521 33525 6 hardback
ISBN 0 521 61603 4 paperback
Contents
Preface xi
List of Acronyms xiii
1 Launch vehicles 1
Introduction 1
Definitions 2
Rocket engine architecture 3
Chemical composition of propellants 4
Specific impulse 5
The rocket formula 6
The ascent phase 8
Injection 9
Launch site selection 10
Description of launch vehicles 13
Space Transportation System (STS) 13
Titan III 18
Atlas G/Centaur D-l 20
Delta II 21
Ariane 4 22
Long March 3 (CZ-3) 26
Proton SL-12 27
Launch vehicle reliability 27
Bibliography 28
2 The transfer orbit 29
Introduction 29
Kepler's laws 29
Orbital geometry 29
Orbital position in space 33
Satellite position in space 34
Derived orbital parameters 35
Orbital perturbations 37
Orbital precession 38
vi Contents
Sun angle 38
Eclipse 45
Launch windows 48
Subsatellite path 51
Bibliography 53
3 The geostationary orbit 54
Orbital geometry in space 55
Derived orbital parameters 55
Eclipse 57
North-south drift 58
East-west drift 62
Bibliography 64
4 The satellite environment 65
Introduction 65
Powered flight loads 65
Other forces 68
Atmospheric drag 69
Radiation 69
Cosmic particles 70
Electrostatic discharge (ESD) 71
Cosmic dust 72
Bibliography 72
5 Structures 73
Introduction 73
Structure architecture 73
Materials 75
Development philosophy 75
Mathematical modelling 77
Bibliography 78
6 Mechanisms 79
The need for mechanisms 79
Trade-off between usefulness and reliability 81
7 Thermal control 83
Introduction 83
Basic theory 84
Passive thermal control materials 85
Active thermal control equipment 88
Mathematical modelling 89
Bibliography 91
8 Power supply and conditioning 92
Introduction 92
Subsystem architecture 92
Power generation 93
Batteries 97
Power conditioning 99
Contents vii
Power balance 101
Bibliography 104
9 Propulsion and orbit control 105
Introduction 105
Propulsion 105
Bipropellant subsystem architecture 105
Monopropellant subsystem architecture 107
Architectural variations 108
Orbit control 109
GTO-GEO manoeuvre strategy 109
Geostationary orbit control 113
North-south station-keeping 114
East-west station -keeping 116
Satellite repositioning 118
Propellant mass budget 120
Bibliography 120
10 Attitude stabilization, measurement and control 121
Introduction 121
Gyroscopic theory 123
Passive stabilization 127
Active stabilization 128
Attitude correction 130
Nutation 131
Instability 132
Attitude drift 132
Attitude measurement 133
Sun sensors 133
Earth sensors 136
Gyros 141
Accelerometers 143
Attitude control 144
Subsystem architecture 147
Bibliography 148
11 Telemetry, tracking and command (TT&C) 149
Introduction 149
Subsystem architecture 149
Telecommand 151
Telemetry 154
Tracking 156
TT&C antennae 158
Bibliography 159
12 Communications payload 160
Introduction 160
Transmission capacity versus power and bandwidth 161
Subsystem architecture 166
viii Contents
Receivers 168
Transmitters 168
Antennae 170
Link budget 172
Bibliography 179
13 Meteorological payload 180
Introduction 181
Low-orbiting satellites 181
Geostationary satellites 181
Subsystem architecture 182
The radiometer 183
Meteorological data extraction 186
Bibliography 188
14 Product assurance 189
Component selection 190
Materials and processes 191
Reliability 192
Quality assurance 195
Bibliography 196
15 Spacecraft development and testing 197
Introduction 197
Spacecraft development 197
Hardware hierarchy 198
Model philosophy 200
Assembly, integration and test (AIT) 201
Test facilities 205
Launch campaign 206
The human factor 209
Index 210
In memory of
Monteraldo Schiavon
and
Don Baird