Table Of Content© Entomologica Fennica. 8.XI.l991
The genus Prosciara Frey (Diptera, Sciaridae)
Heikki Hippa & Pekka Vilkamaa
Hippa, H. & Vilkamaa, P. 1991: The genus Prosciara Frey (Diptera, Sciaridae).
- Entomol. Fennica 2:113-155.
The concept of Phytosciara Frey with the subgenera P. (Phytosciara), P.
(Dolichosciara) and P. (Prosciara) is polyphyletic and the subgenera are
treated as genera. Prosciara includes 1 Holarctic, 8 Palearctic and 28 Oriental
species. The species are keyed and described, including the following new
species: P. angustiloba sp. n. (Thailand), P. biceps sp. n. (Burma), P. bifida sp.
n. (Burma), P. biloba sp. n. (Burma), P. collina sp. n. (Burma), P. crassidens
sp. n. (Burma), P. decamera sp. n. (Burma), P. dolichochaeta sp. n. (Burma),
P. duplex sp. n. (Burma), P. ensifera sp. n. (Burma), P. filichaeta sp. n. (Bur
ma, Nepal), P.furcifera sp. n. (Burma), P. gemellata sp. n. (Burma), P. gibbosa
sp. n. (Burma), P. glomerata sp. n. (Burma), P. latifurca sp. n. (Burma), P.
latilingula sp. n. (Burma), P. megacera sp. n. (Burma), P. megachaeta sp. n.
(Burma), P. mima sp. n. (Burma), P. pectinifera sp. n. (Japan), P. pentacanta
sp. n. (Nepal), P. pentadactyla sp. n. (Burma), P. plusiochaeta sp. n. (Finland),
P. pollex sp. n. (Burma), P. processifera sp. n. (Burma), P. quantula sp. n.
(Burma), P. tetrix sp. n. (Burma) and P. triloba sp. n. (Burma). Xenopygina
Frey is not a synonym of Prosciara but an independent genus. It includes two
species: X. hastata (Johannsen) n. comb. (USA) and X. paradoxa (Frey) (USSR).
Heikki Hippa, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Entomo
logy, Box 50007, S-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden
Pekka Vilkamaa, Zoological Museum, University of Helsinki, P. Rautatiekatu
13, SF-00100 Helsinki, Finland
1. Introduction which by their gonostylar structure resembled
the known Palearctic species of Prosciara and
Prosciara Frey, originally described as a sub finally proved to be congeneric with them. A
genus of Neosciara Pettey, is a small group in careful examination of the sciarid material of
which only eight species have been included, all Burma, consisting of about 1 500 individuals,
except one Palearctic in distribution. Tuomi revealed no less than 25 strictly sympatric species
koski's (1960) classification according to which of Prosciara. This suggested that the Oriental
Prosciara, with Xenopygina Frey as a synonym, region was the "home" of Prosciara. The check
should be a subgenus of Phytosciara Frey, has ing of smaller collections from different areas of
generally been adopted by subsequent authors. the region yielded, however, only two additional
In material collected in the mountains of species and only one probable member of the
northeastern Burma we noticed a few sciarids genus was discovered in the literature.
114 Hippa & Vilkamaa: The genus Prosciara • ENTOMOL. FENNICA Vol. 2
Apart with this Oriental material, we checked oured to make the drawings of the hypopygium
rather extensive Palearctic and Nearctic collec and apex of the front tibia as exact as possible up
tions and smaller collections from the Neotropical to the thickness and position of individual setae.
area and from South Africa, examined earlier In a few cases we have taken the liberty of com
known species of the group insofar as it was pleting some broken setae on one side that are
possible, and perused the existing literature. As a similar to those on the other side in homological
result one undescribed species from Fennoscandia positions, or shown setae cut in the drawings to
and one from Japan appeared. One species so far avoid their marring the clarity of other structures.
known from the Palearctic region only was found The microtrichia have been omitted from all il
in Alaska and a couple of misplaced Palearctic lustrations. The verbal description of illustrated
species were discovered, as well as one from structures has been restricted to a minimum.
Hawaii. Further, the species described earlier The morphological terminology used in this
proved to be in need of redescription and the paper is mostly generally known and does not
taxonomic concept of Prosciara in need of a re deserve any special explanation here. Some terms
vision. and ways of measurement are indicated in the
following figures: Head, Figs. 3, 5 and 8, Wing,
Fig. 12, and Hypopygium, Fig. 4. By megasetae
we mean the stout spine-like setae or bristles on
2. Materials and methods the gonostylus which sharply differ from other
setosity (see Fig. 4.). The megasetae arise from
Part of the material we studied had been mounted distinct basal sockets. They are commonly found
on permanent slides by different persons, and in a variety of groups of Sciaridae. By apical tooth
part had been kept in ethanol, or, like most of the we mean an apical or subapical claw-or toothlike
material from Burma, was dry and pinned. We projection of the gonostylus without a basal
mounted the specimens kept in ethanol, as well socket.
as the pinned ones, on slides in "Euparal" the In the phylogenetic discussions we apply the
latter after treating with KOH. The Burman ma methods and terminology of phylogenetic tax
terial as a whole was in poor condition, with onomy (see e.g. Hennig 1966, Wiley 1981).
antennae, legs or parts of them, or even whole
heads being broken off and lost in the specimens
studied. Due to pinning, the thorax was in most
cases badly damaged and thus did not permit 3. The genus Prosciara Frey
careful study and measurements to be made. For
this reason, the size of the thorax as well as any
ratios or indices demanding measurements of the Neosciara (Prosciara) Frey, 1942:32. Type
thorax have been omitted from the descriptions. species Neosciara porrecta Lengersdorf, 1929
Not being aware of methods for recognizing fe (original designation and monotypy).
male Sciaridae with any certainty we have iden
tified the males of Prosciara only.
The material is deposited in the following Description
institutions, later referred to by the name of the
city only: Zoological Museum, University of Head dark with palpus and proboscis pale.
Helsinki, Helsinki, Swedish Natural History Interfacetal hairs of eyes long, extending well
Museum, Stockholm, Natural History Museum, over the surface of facets. Eye bridge complete,
London, Canadian National Collection of Insects, composed of 3-5 rows of facets. Anterior vertex
Ottawa and Cornell University Insect Collection, bare or with one to several setae. Prefrons with
Ithaca. numerous setae. Clypeus bare or with one to
The illustrations have been made by the aid many setae. Proboscis normal, not elongated.
of a camera Iucida attached to a microscope from Maxillary palp 3-segmented, segments several
specimens mounted on slides. We have endeav- times longer than wide; segment 1 with 2-9 setae,
ENTOMOL. FENNICA Vol. 2 • Hippa & Vilkamaa: The genus Prosciara 115
with the sensillae widely scattered on dorsal sur Diagnostic characters
face, without a sensory pit. Antenna! scapus and
pedicel with short ventral setae. Flagellar seg A commonly used key character in Sciaridae,
ments of antenna with short necks, surface of viz. the presence of a comb like transverse row of
segments from rather smooth to rough, setae bristly setae subapically on the prolateral side of
shorter than the diameter of segment, length/ front tibia combines Prosciara with Scatopsciara
width of segment 4 1.40-2.80. Edwards, Bradysia Winnertz, Ctenosciara Tuo
Thorax dark or part of pleura and longitudinal mikoski, Phytosciara Frey, Lobosciara Steffan
stripes on no tum paler. No tum with the acrostichal and Dolichosciara Tuomikoski. From all these
setae weak, posteriorly often nearly absent, the Prosciara differs in having dorsomesially on the
dorsocentral setae strong and the supra-alar setae gonostylus a characteristic lobe or branch that
of mixed weaker and stronger ones including a bears megasetae. Some species of Dolichosciara
row of very strong ones. Scutellar margin with may have a reminiscent lobe, too, but the lobe
strong setae intermixed with weaker ones espe goes obliquely across the mesial surface and the
cially laterally. Episternum 1 with 5-13 setae. megasetae are straight, not curved, as in
Postpronotum, mediotergite and mesoanepi Prosciara.
sternum bare. Mesokatepisternum high, sub There are a few species currently placed in
triangular or slightly trapezoidal. Corynoptera which have an almost perfect comb
Wing fumose greyish or brownish. Wing of setae on the front tibia. From these Prosciara
length 1.9-3.9 mm. Width/length of wing 0.35- differs in e.g. having more than one seta on the
0.50. c/w 0.50-0.80. Rl short, Rl!R 0.65-1.10. first palpal segment, in the lack of an apical
R5 extending beyond the middle of M 1. The fork tooth, and in having a dorsal lobe with megasetae
of M (M 1 and M2) nearly symmetrical. bM and on the gonostylus. The genus Phorodonta
r-m subequal in length or r-m longer. stCu near Coquillett (Sciara nigra Wiedemann), which is
the length of bM. C and R (R, Rl and R5) setose, often mentioned in connection with Phytosciara,
r-m, stM, Ml, M2, Cul and Cu2 setose or bare, does not have a comb on the front tibia (Steffan
bM and stCu bare. Halter normal. 1969).
Legs pale. Femur !/metatarsus 1 0.85-1.55.
Tibial spurs 1: 2:2, the spurs longer than the apical
width of tibia, the two spurs of tibia 2 and tibia 3 Classification
subequal in size. Tibia I and 2 with spinose setae
ventrally, usually also laterally and dorsally; tibia Frey (1942) proposed Prosciara (type-species
3 with spinose setae on all sides, the dorsals for Neosciara porrecta Lengersdorf) as a monotypic
ming a long row. Tibia 1 with a subapical pro lateral subgenus in his Neosciara Pettey (Sciara copro
straight comb-like row of strong setae, the row phila Lintner) and the monotypic Xenopygina
not separated by a bare area on the proximal (X. paradoxa) as a subgenus in his Bradysia
side. Claws toothed. Winnertz (B. angustipennis Winnertz). Tuomi
Abdomen dark, normal. koski (1960) considered Xenopygina as a syno
Hypopygium pale, with or without an inter nym of Prosciara and made Prosciara one of the
coxal lobe. Gonocoxites short or elongated, without three subgenera of Frey's (1942) earlier mono
conspicuous modifications. Apical inner edge of typic genus Phytosciara (Sciara halterata
gonocoxites ventrally with one long seta. Lengersdorf). As the third subgenus of Phyto
Gonostylus variable in shape, without an apical sciara Tuomikoski (1960) proposed Dolicho
tooth, with or without apical megasetae, without sciara (Sciaraflavipes Meigen), the type species
flagellate setae, with a dorsal mesial lobe bearing of which had long been considered the only Eu
four to more than ten megasetae. Tergites 9 and ropean representantive of Phorodonta Coquillett
10 normal, without unusual modifications. (Lengersdorf 1930, Frey 1942, 1948).
Sternite 10 with 1-6 setae on each half. Aedeagus In addition to the type-species of Prosciara
variable in shape, aedeagal apodeme normal, not and Xenopygina Tuomikoski ( 1960) included two
strikingly asymmetrical. other species, Sciara ungulata Winnertz and a
116 Hippa & Vilkamaa: The genus Prosciara • ENTOMOL. FENNICA Vol. 2
,
p...:
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
B I
Fig. 1. Wing (A), dorsal view, gonostylus (B and E) and part of hypopygium (D), ventral view, and apex of hind
tibia (C), prolateral view.-A, C, 0 and E: Xenopygina hastata (Johannsen) (holotype).-B: X. paradoxa (Frey)
(holotype). Scale for wing 0.50 mm, for other parts 0.05 mm.
new species P. producta in Prosciara. Tuomi been generally followed by later authors CAnto
koski ( 1960) had difficulties in separating nova 1977, Freeman 1983, Mohrig, Krivosheina
Prosciara from Bradysia and with hesitation and Mamaev 1985, Steffan 1969, 1972). Anto
placed his B. prosciaroides in Bradysia. Tuomi nova (1977) without any argumentation consid
koski's classification of Phytosciara, including ered Dolichosciara a synonym of Phorodonta
the delimitation of Phytosciara (Prosciara) has but did not use this older name for the genus.
ENTOMOL. FENNICA Vol. 2 • Hippa & Vilkamaa: The genus Prosciara 117
Antonova ( 1977) added two new species and gonostylus (apomorphy) and that have the dorsa
also gave a key to the known species of Prosciara. mesial aggregation of megasetae on the gono
One species, P. neofusca was added by Mohrig stylus.
et al. ( 1982), but we reject this species from We do not accept the synonymy of Prosciara
Prosciara, as well as P. vulcanata, described by and Xenopygina proposed by Tuomikoski (1960)
Steffan (1973) from Hawaii. Mohrig and Krivo on the basis of the similarity between the
sheina (see Mohrig et al. 1985) described a new gonostylus in their type-species. The two species
species Phytosciara quadriangulata which we know to belong to Xenopygina, the Palearctic
closely resembles B. prosciaroides and ex X. paradoxa (Frey, 1942) and the Nearctic X. has
pressed their suspicion that both species should lata (Johannsen, 1912), comb. n., are "Bradysia
be included in Prosciara, with which we agree. like" species which have on the gonostylus a
We consider Prosciara a genus because we mesial lobe with megasetae but unlike the species
cannot find anything that could be an autapo of Prosciara the whole mesial surface of the
morphy of Phytosciara as limited by Tuomikoski gonostylus is impressed and the lobe arises from
( 1960). In fact, there are no characters even for the bottom of this impression. So the lobe is not
the identification of Phytosciara sensu Tuomi an outgrowth of the dorsomesial margin of the
koski (1960) and such have not been proposed gonostylus as in the species of Prosciara. We are
by anyone, not even by Tuomikoski himself. The convinced that the lobes are not homological.
same applies to Dolichosciara, which was in The members of Prosciara and Xenopygina are
cluded by Tuomikoski (1960) as a subgenus in also in many other respects different: the gono
Phytosciara. Instead, the species of Prosciara and coxites and tegmen which are nearly identical in
Dolichosciara are similar in their general struc the both species of Xenopygina (Fig. 1) are of
tural pattern and they have a group of dorsal different type in Prosciara (e. g. Figs. 4 and 14),
mesial megasetae on the gonostylus which we and the wing vein R5 is much shorter (e. g. Figs.
regard as an apomorphic character state compared 1 and 12). In X. hastata the two spurs of middle
to the mesially widely distributed unmodified and hind tibia are conspicuously unequal in length
setosity found on the gonostylus of Phytosciara. (Fig. 1) , not subequal as in the species of Prosciara.
There are a number of species currently placed in Whether X. paradoxa is similar is not known be
Bradysia which have a great general resemblance cause the only known specimen Jacks the legs. The
to the species of Prosciara and Dolichosciara spurs of X. hastata resemble those of the species of
and which also have a similar pattern of megasetae Scatopsciara, except that in that genus one of the
on the gonostylus (?synapomorphy). When com spurs of the hind tibia is totally reduced.
pared with Bradysia the Prosciara and Dolicho
sciara differ in having the base of the group of
megasetae on the gonostylus prolonged lobe-like, Species included
this prolongation possibly being their synapo
morphy and Prosciara and Dolichosciara thus angustiloba sp. n.: Thailand, p. 134
being sister groups. Further, the monophyly of biceps sp. n.: Burma, p. 152
both could be argumented as follows: in Prosciara bifida sp. n.: Burma, p. 128
the megasetae on the gonostylus are stout and biloba sp. n.: Burma, p. 150
slightly curved (autapomorphy), while in Doli col/ina sp. n.: Burma, p. 132
chosciara they are straight and slender (plesio crassidens sp. n.: Burma, p. 128
morphy). In Dolichosciara the gonocoxites have decamera sp. n.: Burma, p. 146
two or more strong setae at the apicoventral me dolichochaeta sp. n.: Burma, p. 144
dial angle (autapomorphy) instead of only one in duplex sp. n.: Burma, p. 150
Prosciara (plesiomorphy). We suppose that ensifera sp. n.: Burma, p. 130
Bradysia in the current sense is polyphyletic and filichaeta sp. n.: Burma, Nepal, p. 145
paraphyletic and that the sister group of Prosciara furcifera sp. n.: Burma, p. 139
+ Dolichosciara should be searched for among gemellata sp. n.: Burma, p. 152
those Bradysia that lack the apical tooth on the gibbosa sp. n.: Burma, p. 139
118 Hippa & Vilkamaa: The genus Prosciara • ENTOMOL. FENNICA Vol. 2
glomerata sp. n.: Burma, p. 130 3. Gonostylus short and thick, its mesial side basal from
latifurca sp. n.: Burma, p. 142 the dorsal lobe lengthwise hollowed or impressed (Figs.
4B, 4D, SC, SG) ...................................................... 4
latilingula sp. n.: Burma, p. 125
Gonostylus elongated, its mesial side basal from the
lobata Antonova (Phytosciara): USSR: Primorye,
dorsal lobe not hollowed or impressed (Figs. 6B, 6D,
p. 130 7B, 7D) ..................................................................... 6
megacera sp. n.: Burma, p. 146 4. Cu2 with numerous setae (Fig. SB), gonostylus rela-
megachaeta sp. n.: Burma, p. 135 tively narrow in ventral aspect (Fig. SC) .................... .
mima sp. n.: Burma, p. 128 .............................. P. producta (Tuomikoski), p. 123
Cu2 nonsetose or with a few setae only, gonostylus
pectinifera sp. n.: Japan, p. 139
relatively broad in ventral aspect (Figs. 4B, 4D, SG) .
pentacanta sp. n.: Nepal, p. 132
................................................................................... 5
pentadactyla sp. n.: Burma, p. 132
5. The intercoxal lobe of hypopygium narrow with more
plusiochaeta sp. n.: Finland, p. 120 or less distinctly notched apex (Figs. 4A, 4C, 4E), the
pollex sp. n.: Burma, p. 144 dorsal lobe of gonostylus with five megasetae (Figs.
porrecta Lengersdorf (Sciara): W Europe, p. 136 4B, 4D) ...................... P. ungulata (Winnertz), p. 123
The intercoxal lobe of hypopygium broad and apically
processifera sp. n.: Burma, p. 140
rounded (Fig. SF), the dorsal lobe of gonostylus with
producta Tuomikoski (Phytosciara): Finland, p. 123
four megasetae (Fig. SG) .. P. latilingula sp. n., p. 125
prosciaroides Tuomikoski (Bradysia): Finland,
6. In ventral aspect the apex of the dorsal lobe of gono
Britain, Austria, USSR:Tuva, USA: Alaska, stylus extends distally as far as the apex of gonostylus
p. 120 (Fig. 6D) .......................... P. crassidens sp. n., p. 128
quadriangulata Mohrig & Krivosheina (Phyto- In ventral aspect the apex of the dorsal lobe of gono
stylus does not extend distally as far as the apex of
sciara): USSR: Amur Region, p. 123
gonostylus (Figs. 6B, 7B, 7D) .................................. 7
quantula sp. n.: Burma, p. 125
7. The intercoxal lobe of hypopygium deeply emarginated
tetrix sp. n.: Burma, p. 146
apically, tegmen nearly parallel-sided (Fig. 7 A) ........ .
triloba sp. n.: Burma, p. 152 ................................................. P. bifida sp. n., p. I 28
ungulata Winnertz (Sciara): Europe, p. 123 The intercoxal lobe of hypopygium not emarginated
ussuriensis Antonova (Phytosciara): USSR: apically, tegmen narrowing towards apex (Figs. 6A,
7C, 7E) ..................................................................... 8
Primorye, p. 130
8. The intercoxallobe of gonostylus large, its setae short,
Possibly also the following species which we much shorter than the width of the lobe (Fig. 7E) ..... .
have not seen belongs to Prosciara: .................................................. P. mima sp. n., p. 128
The intercoxal lobe of hypopygium small, its setae as
flavipleura Brunetti (Sciara): India long or longer than the width of the lobe (Fig. 6A) ....
............................................ P. quantula sp. n., p. 125
In addition, Steffan (1981) mentioned an 9. The dorsal lobe of gonostylus subbasal, its megasetae
unidentified species of Phytosciara (Prosciara) slender (Fig. 20), Cu2 setose ... P.filichaeta sp. n., p. 145
from Ontario, Canada. The dorsal lobe of gonostylus on the apical half or near
the middle, its megasetae thick (Figs. 9D, IOD), Cu2
bare ......................................................................... 10
10. The intercoxallobe of hypopygium small, with 4-10
Key to the species of Prosciara
setae, the lobe separated laterally from the base of
gonocoxites by a membraneous area (Fig. IOC) ........ .
Because the characters of the wing of P. crassi ..................................... P. pentadactyla sp. n., p. 132
dens are not known this species is included in The intercoxal lobe of hypopygium large, with numer-
both couplets 2 and 17. Sciara flavipleura which ous setae, the lobe not separated laterally from the
base of gonocoxites by a membraneous area (Figs. 8D,
we have not seen is omitted.
9C, 13A, 13C) ........................................................ I I
!. Ml, M2 and Cui setose (Figs. SB, 12A, 12D) ......... 2 I I. The dorsal lobe of gonostylus divided into a ventral,
Ml, M2 and Cui nonsetose (Figs. 3A, 12B) ......... 17 more apical, and into a dorsal, more basal part, both
2. The dorsal lobe of gonostylus subapical, in ventral with a group of megasetae (Fig. 9D) ...................... 12
aspect the gonostylus does not appear deeply bilobed The dorsal lobe of gonostylus not divided into two
(Figs. 4B, 4D, SC) .................................................... 3 parts (Figs. 8E, 13B, 13D, 19B) ............................. 14
The dorsal lobe of gonostylus well basal from apex, in 12. The intercoxal lobe of hypopygium narrow, longer
ventral aspect gonostylus appears deeply bilobed (Figs. than broad, apically slightly emarginated (Fig. 9C)
IOD, 19B, 20B) ........................................................ 9 . ............................................ P. ensifera sp. n., p. 130
ENTOMOL. FENNICA Vol. 2 • Hippa & Vilkamaa: The genus Prosciara 119
- The intercoxal lobe of hypopygium broad, broader - Tegmen laterally evenly curved (Fig. 3F) .................. .
than long, rounded apically .................................... 13 ..................................... P. plusiochaeta sp. n., p. 120
13. The length of wing 2.1 mm, c/w 0.50, the intercoxal 23. Apex of gonostylus with one or more megasetae (Figs.
lobe of hypopygium in the form of a horse-shoe, apex 22B, 22E, 23D, 23F, 24B, 24D) ............................. 24
of halter pale ......... P. ussuriensis (Antonova), p. 130 - Apex of gonostylus without megasetae .................. 28
The length of wing 2.7 mm, c/w 0.66, the intercoxal 24. Apex of gonostylus with one megaseta, the dorsal lobe
lobe of hypopygium in the form of a semicircle, apex of gonostylus very strong, with one of its megasetae
of halter dark ................ P. lobar a (Antonova), p. 130 more basal than the others (Figs. 22E, 22F) ............... .
14. The dorsal lobe of gonostylus on the apical half of .......................................... P. megacera sp. n., p. 146
gonostylus, its megasetae strong and long, nearly as Apex of gonostylus with 3-4 megasetae, the dorsal
long as the lobe itself (Figs. 8E, I 3D) .................... 15 lobe of gonostylus weaker, its megasetae in a tight
The dorsal lobe of gonostylus approximately at the cluster (Figs. 22B, 23D, 23F, 24B, 24D) ............... 25
middle of gonostylus, its megasetae not unusually 25. Apex of gonostylus narrow, as narrow or narrower
strong, short, much shorter than the lobe itself (Figs. than apex of the dorsal lobe (Figs. 23D, 24B) ....... 26
13B, 19B) ............................................................... 16 - Apex of gonostylus broad, broader than apex of the
15. The dorsal lobe of gonostylus widened at apex, with dorsal lobe .............................................................. 27
six megasetae (Fig. 8E) .... P. glomerata sp. n., p. 130 26. The megasetae of gonostylus relatively short, about 3x
The dorsal lobe of gonostylus steadily narrowing to- longer than basally thick (Fig. 23D), Rl/R 0.75-0.80
wards apex, with four megasetae (Fig. I 3D) ............. . . ................................................ P. biloba sp. n., p. 150
....................................... P. megachaeta sp. n., p. 135 The megasetae of gonostylus relatively long, about 4x
16. The intercoxal lobe of hypopygium long and narrow, longer than basally thick (Fig. 24B), RI/R 0.60-0.70
tegmen nearly equilateral (Fig. 13A) ......................... . . ................................................ P. biceps sp. n., p. 152
....................................... P. angustiloba sp. n., p. 134 27. The dorsal lobe of gonostylus nearly rectangular to the
The intercoxal lobe of hypopygium short and broad, long axis of gonostylus, the megasetae of gonostylus
tegmen tapering towards apex (Fig. 19A) .................. . short, the intercoxal lobe of hypopygium small (Figs.
................................................ P. pollex sp. n., p. 144 23F, 24C, 24D) ...................... P. duplex sp. n., p. 150
17. Oonostylus with two dorsal lobes, one subapical, the The dorsal lobe of gonostylus strongly oblique to the
other more basal, both with megasetae at apex (Figs. long axis of gonostylus, the megasetae of gonostylus
25B, 25D) ............................................................... 18 long (Fig. 22B), the intercoxal lobe of hypopygium
Oonostylus with one dorsal lobe varying from subapical large (Fig. 22A) ........................ P. tetrix sp. n., p. 146
to subbasal in position ............................................ 19 28. The megasetae of the dorsal lobe of gonostylus long
18. In ventral aspect the two dorsal lobes of gonostylus and slender (Figs. liB, 19D, 21B, 21E) ................ 29
separated from each other by a gap which at least - The megasetae of the dorsal lobe of gonostylus short
equals the apical width of the lobes (Fig. 25B) .......... . andthick(Figs.9B,I4B,I4E, l5B,l6D,l7A) .... 31
............................................... P. triloba sp. n., p. 152 29. The dorsal lobe of gonostylus with 5-6 megasetae .. 30
In ventral aspect the two dorsal lobes of gonostylus - The dorsal lobe of gonostylus with more than 10
close to each other, separated by a narrow gap only megasetae ......................... P. decamera sp. n., p. 146
and usually overlapping (Fig. 25D) ............................ . 30. The distal part of gonostylus, distal from the dorsal lobe,
.......................................... P. gemellata sp. n., p. 152 long and slender (Fig. 19D), hypopygium with an inter
19. The dorsal lobe of gonostylus subapical, in ventral coxal lobe (Fig. 19C) .. P. dolichochaeta sp. n., p. 144
aspect gonostylus does not appear deeply bilobed (Figs. The distal part of gonostylus, distal from the dorsal
2B, 2D, 30, 6D) ..................................................... 20 lobe, broad (Fig. II B), hypopygium without an inter-
The dorsal lobe of gonostylus far basal from the apex, coxal lobe (Fig. II A) ...... P. pentacanta sp. n., p. 132
in ventral aspect gonostylus appears deeply bilobed 31. Hypopygium with a small intercoxal lobe, in ventral
(e.g. Figs. 14B, 14E, 15B, 16B, 16D, 17A) ........... 23 view the width of gonostylus similar subapically and
20. Oonostylus short and broad, the dorsal lobe of at the middle (Figs. 9A, 9B), the front tibia with a
gonostylus short, shorter than its megasetae, the mesial comb of six setae ................... P. collina sp. n., p. 132
side of gonostylus basal from the dorsal lobe impressed Hypopygium without an intercoxal lobe, in ventral
or hollowed (Figs. 2B, 2D, 30) .............................. 21 view the width of gonostylus subapically much smaller
Oonostylus slender, the dorsal lobe longer than its than at the middle (Figs. 14B, 14E, 15B, 16B, 16D,
megasetae, the mesial side of gonostylus basal from 17 A), the front tibial comb with eight or more setae
the dorsal lobe not impressed (Fig. 6D) ...................... (Figs. 18B, lSD) ..................................................... 32
......................................... P. crassidens sp. n., p. 128 32. The dorsal lobe of gonostylus strongly inflattened
21. Hypopygium without an intercoxal lobe (Figs. 2A, basoventrally (Figs. 14B, 14E), tegmen with an apico-
2C) ................ P. prosciaroides (Tuomikoski), p. I 20 subapicolateral tooth (Figs. 14A, 14D) .................. 33
- Hypopygium with an intercoxal lobe (Fig. 3F) ...... 22 The dorsal lobe of gonostylus not inflattened baso
22. Tegmen with a lateral, rounded shoulder-like angle ... ventrally (Figs. 15B, 16B, 16D, 17 A), tegmen not
.. P. quadriangulata (Mohrig & Krivosheina), p. 123 toothed (Figs. !SA, 16A, 16C, 17B) ...................... 34
120 Hippa & Vilkamaa: The genus Prosciara • ENTOMOL. FENNICA Vol. 2
33. Tegmen strongly tapering towards apex, almost Irian- 8 with 11-21 setae.-Hypopygium: Fig. 2. Sternite
gular in ventral view (Fig. 14A) ................................ . 10 with 1 seta on each half.
.............................. P. porrecta (Lengersdorf), p. 136
Tegmen almost equilateral in ventral view (Fig. 140) Discussion
.............................................. P. gibbosa sp. n., p. 139 Prosciara prosciaroides was originally de
34. The dorsal lobe of gonostylus with 4-5 megasetae in a scribed on the basis of three syntype males. Of
row (Fig. 15B) ................. P. pectinifera sp. n., p. 139
these we have found only the two listed above,
The dorsal lobe of gonostylus with 6 or more megasetae
one, also from Finland (Lohja), being probably
in a group ................................................................ 35
35. Setae of gonocoxites strong, the ventralmembraneous lost. We have designated one of the existing
area between gonocoxites with a couple of strong syntypes as the lectotype of the species.
setae (Fig. 16A) .................. P. }i.lrcifera sp. n., p. 139 Freeman (1983) recorded P. prosciaroides
Setae of gonocoxites weak, the ventral membraneous from Britain, and we judge from the illustration
area between gonocoxites with a few to many fine
of the hypopygium that the identification is cor
setae (Figs. 16C, 17B) ............................................ 36
rect. Krivosheina & Morig ( 1986) mentioned P.
36. The dorsal lobe of gonostylus broad, rather abruptly
tapering at apex (Fig. 160), wing length 3.2-3.4 mm prosciaroides from Austria, and USSR, Tuva.
............................................ P. latifurca sp. n., p. 142 P. prosciaroides is similar to P. plusiochaeta
The dorsal lobe of gonostylus narrow, gradually taper and P. quadriangulata. The distinguishing char
ing towards apex (Fig. 17 A), wing length 2.7-3.0 mm acters are discussed under the latter two .
...................................... P. processifera sp. n., p. 140
Prosciara plusiochaeta sp. n.
4. The species of Prosciara Material studied: Hololype male: Finland, Iivaara,
23.6.1964, R. Tuomikoski (in Helsinki).
Description
Prosciara prosciaroides (Tuomikoski) Head: Fig. 3. Eye bridge with 2-3 rows of
facets. Anterior vertex bare. Prefrons with 9 setae.
Bradysia prosciaroides Tuomikoski 1960: 113. Clypeus with 4 setae. Palpal segment 1 with 7
Material studied: Lectotype male (here designated): setae. Length/width of flagellar segment 4 of
Finland, Vihti, Vihtijarvi, 18.6.1958, R. Tuomikoski (in antenna 2.70. - Thorax: Unicolorous dark
Helsinki). Paraleclolype d': Finland, Kuusamo, Oulanka brown. Episternum 1 with 6 setae. - Wing:
joki, 2.7.1958, R. Tuomikoski (in Helsinki).
Wing length 2.1 mm. Width/length of wing 0.45.
Other material: Finland, Iivaara, 23.6.1964, R.
c/w 0.70. Rl!R 0.90. r-m bare, stM bare, M1 and
Tuomikoski, 2d'd' (in Helsinki); USA, Alaska, II mi S
M2 bare, Cu 1 bare and Cu2 bare.- Legs: Femur
Anderson Jet, Rte 3, mi 270, alder poplar spruce, 23.6.-
2.8.1984, S. & J. Peck, I d' (in Helsinki). 1/metatarsus 1 1.45. Tibia 1 with a comb of 6
setae. Length of spur/width of tibia 1 1.75. Tibia
Description
1 with 0 dorsal, 4 ventral, 0 prolateral and 0
Head: Fig. 3. Eye bridge with 3 rows of facets.
retrolateral spinose setae. Tibia 2 without dorsal
Anterior vertex bare. Prefrons with 18-26 setae.
spinose setae. - Abdomen: Sternite 8 with 15
Clypeus with 0-3 setae. Palpal segment 1 with 5-9
setae.-Hypopygium: Fig. 3. Sternite 10 with 1
setae. Length/width of flagellar segment 4 of antenna
seta on each half.
2.50-2.70. - Thorax: Unicolorous dark brown.
Episternum 1 with 5-8 setae. - Wing: Fig. 3. Discussion
Wing length 1.9-2.0 mm. Width/length of wing P. plusiochaeta is similar to P. prosciaroides
0.45. c/w 0.60-0.65. Rl!R 0.70-D.85. r-m with 0-1 (Tuomikoski) and P. quadriangulata (Mohrig &
seta, stM bare, M 1 and M2 bare, Cu 1 bare and Cu2 Krivosheina). It differs from both by simple
bare. - Legs: Femur ]/metatarsus I 1.40-1.55. tegmen and from P. prosciaroides also in having
Apex of tibia 1, Fig. 3. Length of spur/width of tibia an intercoxal1obe on hypopygium and in having
1 1.45-1.80. Tibia 1 with 0 dorsal, 3-5 ventral, 0 more numerous setae on gonostylus. From P.
prolateral and 1-3 retrolateral spinose setae. Tibia 2 quadriangulata it differs in having five, not four
without dorsal spinose setae.-Abdomen: Sternite megasetae on the gonostylus.
ENTOMOL. FENNICA Vol. 2 • Hippa & Vilkamaa: The genus Prosciara 121
Fig. 2. Prosciara prosciaroides (Tuomikoski) (A and B lectotype, C and D from Alaska): part of hypopygium (A
and C) and gonostylus (Band D), ventral view. Scale 0.10 mm.
122 Hippa & Vilkamaa: The genus Prosciara • ENTOMOL. FENNICA Vol. 2
!~: \ 4
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;/':~;.~:'''\,
it
~11);8
\ .
/
I ,
I ,
c
(,
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Fig. 3. Wing (A), dorsal view, prefrons and clypeus (Band C), frontal view, apex of front tibia (D and E), prolateral
view, and part of hypopygium (F) and gonostylus (G), ventral view. A, C and E: Prosciara prosciaroides
(Tuomikoski) (A and C from Finland, E from Alaska).-B, D, F and G: P. plusiochaeta sp. n. (holotype). Scale for
wing 0.50 mm, for other parts 0.05 mm.
