The Genus Isoetes L. in India

15 Pages·1993·9.8 MB·English

by  Gopal Krishna Srivastava

AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL
105-119
83(4): (1993) 105
The
Genus
Isoetes L. in India
GoPAL Krishna Divya Darshan Kumar
Srivastava, Pant, and Pradeef Shukla
Department
of Botany, University of Allahabad, Allahabad 211 002, India
The
earliest reported Indian species, coromandelina was described by C. A. Lmn6,
/.
1782 from Coromandel Tamil Nadu. For more
in the coast, than a century this
fil.
remained only species reported from India. Later workers found coromandelina
tlie in
/.
Kamataka, Kerala, West Bengal, Orissa, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, and
Gujarat. Mahabal6 (1938) described a second species, sahyadriensis from a number of
/.
localities in the Western Ghats including Panchgani in Maharashtra and Kalahattigiri and
Bababuddangiri and other peaks of Sahyadris Kamataka. Soon Rao (1944)
in thereafter,
and Shende
(1945) described respectively, sampathkurnaranii from Lalbagh Botanical
/.
Kamataka
Garden, Bangalore and from Panchgani Maharashtra. These
in dixitei in lat-
/.
new
ter three reports of species lacked detailed comparisons with previously described
species. Subsequently, two more species, panchananii and indica were reported by
/. /.
& &
Pant Srivastava (1962). In their paper. Pant Srivastava furnished detailed accounts
and new
comparisons of species with previously described Indian species.
tlieir all
Two
more
Recently five species have been added to the Hst of Indian species. of these
species were discovered Madhya Pradesh. One species, pantii was described by
in
/.
&
Goswami Arya (1970), and the other species L bilaspurensis was described by
The and
Panigrahi (1981). three remaining species rajasthanensis, reticulata,
/. I. /.
&
Two
tuberculata were described by Gena Bharadwaja (1984). subspecies, corortian-
/.
delina subsp. coromandelina and subsp. brachyglossa, were distinguished by Panigrahi
Kew
Herbarium
(1981) on basis of a reexamination of the herbarium specimens in the
tlie
A
Museum
and London. coromandelina
British (Natural History), third subspecies,
/.
subsp. macrotuberculata, was distinguished by Marsden (1976) from northern Australia.
The number when compared an
eleven species from India a relatively small to estimat-
is
ed 400 to 500 species of Isoetes world wide (personal communication Dr. H. P. Fuchs-
more and
Eckert). This low number of Indian species suggested a need for extensive
intensive exploration for Isoetes in various parts of India. For example no species of
where should be found.
Isoetes have been reported from the Himalayas, a region Iso^les
Our recent explorations have yielded two species of Isoetes which have not been previ-
ously described from peninsular India.
and Methods
Material
Preliminary observations on fresh material were documented in the field. Living plants
FAA
and specimens fixed in were also studied in the laboratory at Allahabad. In the diag-
a limb
noses and descriptions which follow the upper portion of the leaf is described as
a
and sporangium described as sheath.
the flattened basal portion bearing the adaxial is
Spores were treated with HF, washed with water, and macerated with Schulze's fluid to
method
were according the
separate different wall layers. Microspores also acetolysed to
SEM C
SEM JEOL
model
of Erdtman photomicrographs were taken with a 35
(1952).
approximate-
after sputter coating the dry untreated spores with a layer of gold-palladium
A
ly 200 thick. The descriptive terms used in the present paper follow the terminology of
Kremp
VOLUME NUMBER
AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL:
83 4 (1993)
106
New
Species
& A-D; A-
C, E;
boetes mahadevensis Srivastava, Pant Shukla, sp. nov. (Figs. 1; 2, 3, 4,
—
Madhya
lioshangabad,
Type: of Pradesh, Distr.
G; C-D.). India, State
6,
CAL;
Pachmarhi, Chhote Mahadev; leg. G. K. Srivastava, no. 15011 A, 1987,
Allahabad Univ. no.
isotypcs K, no. 1501 IB and Duthie hb. in Bot. Dcpt.,
15011C.
nonnunquam usque ad
cormus bulbosus bilobatus vel trilobatus; et
Planta subaquatilis;
mm mm cm
medio
5-29, usque ad 14 longa,
15 latum; radices basi 0.2-1.2 crassae, folia
mm
parallelimarginalia vel
aliquantum extrorse incurvata,
folio 1.0-1.5 lata, linearia,
apicem longam subulalam duae partes api-
paululum fastigata,
undulata, parte distali in
usque ad 9
omabae, vagna applanata lutescente-subalbida
stomatibus basalis
cales
folii
nmi unicum sporangium medianum adaxialem, (sive microsporangia in foliis exteri-
lata,
oribus, sive megasporangia in foliis interioribus) portans, fibia fibcrolignosa absentes;
mm
mm.
1.0-1.4 0.9-1.3 longa, subfusca; labi-
ligula trianguloidca, basi bilobata, lata et
mm
mm
um 0.43-0.65 latum 0.30-0.5
triangulare, apice obtuso, albido-subdavidum, et
pm
longum; velum rudimcntarium tholiforme, tegens sporangium 200 circiter in parte
170-500 ambobus solum; sporangia ovoidca, parte supcriore
superiorc et |im laleribus
mm
mm.
applanata, 2-2.5 lata et 3-4.5 longa; megasporae U*ilctae obscure-griseae statu
umcsccnte, subalbidae statu sicco, dimorphae, duabus dimcnsionibus disparibus,
i.e.,
megasporarum
maiorcs pyramidali-globosae, 384 |im-507 |im (a- 415 paries
Jim),
quadritabulata, latere distali perisporii reticulato, lacunis complctis vel interruptis, dis-
quam
junctis inter se parietibus aut tam altis latis, aut latioribus altitudine selliformi,
obscure
omamcntatione perspicue evoluta per costam acquatorialcm, sed
latere distali
aliis locis. latere proximali jugis triletis, rectus, tenuibus, 30 nm-48 |im altis, superfi-
ciebus pyramidalibus rugulis vel pustulis omatis, costa acquatoriali undulata, tenue,
^m
= paululum
usqua ad 17 |im megasporae minores 203 )im-372 297 jam),
alta; (x
ornamento megasporarum maiorum
applanatae, ei simili. sed facie dostali indisticto,
secundum micro-
superficiebus pyramidalibus latere proximali pustulis distantibus,
graphes microscopii electronici cibrialis Scanning Electron Microscope] superficie
[i.e.,
Integra perisporii protecta fibris gelatinosis siliccis, interjectis, reticulum irregulare for-
exosporium atque
mantibus, saepe terminis singularibus solutis fractisque intra lacunas;
mesosporium fmne
endosporium translu-
tenuiter granulata, conjuncta inter subtile,
se,
cens, laevigatum, circumscriptione orbicularc; microsporae generatim monolctae, rarius
|im^7 =
triletae, rotundae vel subrotundae, 10 jim 33 costa proximali recta, tenui,
(x
jiin),
membranacea, costa lacsurali 10 jjm-30 jim longa atque usque ad 9 [\m alta, pariete
microsporii tritabulata, perisporio echinato secundum imagines microscopii luminaris
LM]
idem secundum SEM], exospo-
[= micrographes microscopii electronici cibrialis [=
rio subtiliterpustuloso, mesosporio minute granuloso.
mm
mm
Plant submerged; corni bulbous usually bilobate, rarely trilobate and up to 15 wide; roots 0.2-1.2
mm
cm
thick at base; leaves 5 to 29, up to 14 long, 1.0 to 1.5 wide al midlength, linear, slightly bent, outwards^
with parallel or undulating edges, tapering into a long attenuate apex, apical two tliirds of leaf limb stomatirer-
mm
sporangium
ous, flattened basal sheath up to 9 wide, yellowish-white, bearing a single median adaxial
(microsporangium in outer and megasporangium in inner leaves), peripheral strands absent; ligule triangular,
mm
mm
with lobed base. 1.0 mm-1.4 wide, 0.9 mm-1.3 long, brownish-yellow; labium triangular with obtuse
mm mm
apex, yellowish- white, 0.43 nim-0.65 wide and 0.30 mm-0.50 long; velum nidimentary, shaped like a
dome, covering abi>ut 200 \xiu of sptuangial apex and 170 j.im-500 of two sides; sporangia ovoid, flat-
j^mi its
mm
mm
tened at the upper side, 2-2.5 wide and 3-4.5 long; megaspores dark grey when wet, wliite in
Irilcte,
SRIVASTAVA, PANT & SHUKLA: THE GENUS
ISOETES INDIA
IN
L. 107
=
dry condition, dimc^phic, (he larger ones pyraniidal-globose, 384 ^in-507 jim 415 |ixn). spixe wall four lay-
(jc
ered, perispore retate distally, lacunae complete or broken, separated from one anollicr by muri. thickness of
muri (tangential widlli) almost equal to or greater tlieir anticlinal height, ornamentation on distal face developed
clearly along girdle, but abscure elsewhere, proximal face with stiaiglit, tliin, trilete ridges 3(M8 pm high, inter-
radial contact areas with small rugulae or pustules, equatorial ridge undulating, thin, up to 17 Mm high; smaller
megaspores 203 jim-372 jam = 297 somewhat
(x jam), flattened, perisporal ornamentation similar lo larger
megaspores, but indistinct on distal face, interradial contact areas on proximal face with scattered pustules, in
SEM
photomicrographs
the entire surface of perispore is covered by siliceous gel fibres, interconnected willi
one another to form an irregular network, often with loose, broken ends within lacunae; exospore and
mesaspore
finely granulate, firmly attached to each other, mesospore sometimes with numerous folds, edospore
smooth
thin, translucent, with circular, outline; microspores generally monolete, rarely trilete, round to roundly
oval, 10 )am-47 jam {x - 33 jam), proximal ridge sU-aight, and membranous, 10 jam-30 jam length and up
tliin in
LM
SEM
to 9 jam high, spore wall tliree layered, perispore under and echinate, exaspore finely pustulate, and
mesospore
finely granular.
Paratype: Madhya
India: State of Pradesh, Kasdol Distr, of Raipur: Kasdol Jungal, along water streams; leg
G.K.
Srivastava, No. 15021, 1987, Duthie hb. in Botany Dept., Allaliabad Univ.
grow
Plants of this species luxuriantly in small, shallow ditches either fully or partially
submerged water (pH = and sandy and loamy. The
in 5.4) tlie soil is siliceous gel-fibers
&
mentioned in the diagnosis are formed by silica deposited in the form of a gel (Tryon
Tryon,
1982).
On
the basis of megaspore ornamentation the relate (reticulate) megaspores of
/,
mahadevensis come panchananii, and panchganiensis
closest to lliose of/, reticulata,
/. /.
whose
megaspores are Tlie oniamentation of megaspores of nuihadevensis,
reticulate.
/.
however, differs from of megaspores of the above mentioned species in having
tliat llie
muri whose
breadth and height are almost equal (the muri in other species arc consider-
ably higher than broad). Tlie rugulate megaspores of/, rajasthanensis are also compara-
ble with those of/, mahadevensis, but their muri too are higher than broad. In addition
/.
rajasthanensis from mahadevensis having reportedly smooth microspores,
differs in
/.
whereas those of mahadevensis are echinate and unusually globose. Tlie rudimentary
/.
velum
of mnhadevensis distinguishes clearly from otiier Indian species belonging lo
/. it
The velum
the section Terrestres A. Br. [= Reticulatae Pfeiffer]. in the other Indian
species either covers nearly sporangium or half of as in panchananii.
entire
tlie it /.
The specific name "mahadevensis" chosen and derived from type locality of the
llic
species "Chhote Maliadev."
D; A-F;
Isoetes panchganiensis Srivaslava, Piint, and Shukla, sp. nov. (Figs. 2, A, B, 5,
—
Panchgani;
A, Type: of Maliarashtra, Dist. SaLara, leg.
6, B.). India, State
500
15001C
Allahabad Univ. no.
mm;
0.2-0
Planta subaquatiHs; connus diamelro usque ad 12.0 radices basi
trilobatus,
mm mm
cm minu
crassis: folia 9-20. 7-13 lonea, medio folio 1.2-3.0 lata, linearia,
parte
am
mm
unicum sporangium
lata,
adaxialem
mm
mm
omnino solum
0.5-0.7 longum; velum hyalinum, sporangium fere tegens, basi fenes-
mm mm
tram ovali-elongatum, 1.2 latam et 0.8 altam reliquens; sporangia ovoidea, parte
mm mm
mcgasporae griseae
superiore applanata, 2.5-3.0 3.0-4.0 longa; triletae,
lata
et
AMERICAN FERN
108
_
+
1.L bJ I b ... ^.-.v'.-....^vv/v^,-.^>r-x':^^>^-^^^:^'^:-^>":----;^:w;s-^*:.^^^^:^'^^^;::^^::>^^^«^:^:^
-n", n-.-h-
_
__bjxdj bJ r n T -^1 -
n n r 4
V ^_wJXwLLrXdn-B-jXJrJnL
*- - -nJ.' '-r J I r r n n
^n r n h —
H.^.'.- *-
,'-,0^
.v'>.'.'
vv:-..>;^.KW
^
V
L L J L
-J E I '_
H ' H.'.^ '_-.-
r - - H
=:<^>;y
_
-Tl
,*L
p _
r X r —- - ^
^
_
A
-^B- _-J J
ho&es =
Hololype of mahadevensis No. 1501 A. Bar cm.
Fig.
1. 1
270
pyramidali-globosae,
umescente, albidae dimorphae, maiores
Statu statu sicco,
i.e.,
= pensponi
pm-456
364 megasporarum
lim (x jim), paries quadritabulata, latere distali
selliformi
reticulato, lacunis generatim completis, disjunctis parietibus inter se, altitudine
proximali jugis triletis,
alieriore latitudine, costa aequatoriali sine reticulationibus, facie
costa
jim-50 absentibus
tenuibus, 35 [un supcrficicbus pyramidalibus lacunis
rectis,
altis,
&
SRIVASTAVA, PANT SHUKLA: THE GENUS ISOETES INDIA
IN
109
L.
A
"^:
I
X- E
^ A
nv
ti,
panch-
Fig. 2. A, B, D, pcmchsaniensis and C, E, nuihadcvetisis. A, Holotype no. 15001 A; B, C, ligule of /.
/. /.
A =
Bar
ganiensis and nuihadevetisis; D, E, labium of panchganiensis and /. nwihadcvensis respectively. in
/. /.
C D
cm; B, = 185 Mm; = 58 Mm and E 25 Mm.
1 :=
^m
pm-305
\m-\l megasporae minores 185 (x
aequatoriali leviter undulata, 10 |Jm alta;
= omamcnlo megasporanim majorum sed facie
244 simili,
paululum
applanatae, ei
Jim),
secundum
duabus
pyramidalibus unico vel pustulis,
superficiebus
distali iiidislincto,
SEM], supcrncie universa perisporii
micrographes microscopii electronici cibrialis [=
plcrumque
nonnunquam sed
protecta gelaUnosis inlcrconncctis inter se. ler-
fibris siliceis,
VOLUME NUMBER
AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL: 83 4 (1993)
110
SEM
Fig. 3. A-D, pholomicrographs of megasporcs of mahadevensis. A, proximal view; B, distal view; C, a
/.
portion of Fig. 3 B further magnified to show infrastructure details of the surface; D, lateral view. Bars in A, B,
D C
= 100 nm» and = 10 ^m.
minis interruptis, formantibus imaginem irregularem rctiformem in lacunis; exosporium
mesosporium mesosporium
et tcnuiter granulata, firme conjuncta niimerosis pli-
inter se,
cis superficialibus, cndosporium subtile, translucens, lacvigatum, circumscriptione orbic-
ulare; microsporiae ignotae.
mm mm mm
Plant subnrtcrged; corm bulbous trilobate up to 12.0 in diameter; roots 0.2 0.9 thick at base; leaves
mm
cm
9-20, 7-13 long, 1.2 mm-3.0 wide at mid-length, linear, slightly bent, outwards, with parallel or slight-
limb
ly undulating edges, tapering into a long, attenuate apex, apical two thirds of leaf limb stomatiferous,
mm
green, flattened basal sheath up to 7 wide, yellowish-white, bearing a single median adaxial sporangium;
mm mm
expanded mm-2. labium
ligule triangular, with base, 1.2 wide, and 0.7 mm-1.5 long yellowish- white;
1
mm
mm
mm-1.2 mm-0.7 sporangium
triangular, 0.5 wide, 0.5 long; velum hyaline, covering nearly the entire
SRIVASTAVA, PANT & SHUKLA: THE GENUS L
ISOETES INDIA
IN
111
A
G (SEM) photomicrographs of
Fig. A-C (LM) and D, E (SEM) phoComicrographs of microspores and F,
4.
D
megaspores of tmhadcvensis A, proximal view; B, lateral view; C, a portion of margin showing spines;
/.
,
D and one small
show of spines; three large
lateral view; E, a portion in Fig. 4 further magnified to tlie details F,
show
F magnified to
megaspores lying in different angles; G, a portion of large mega.*;p(xe in Fig. 4 further
A-C = um; D = E = G = 100 pm.
details of the surface. Bars in 8 10 |im; |im; F.
1
VOLUME NUMBER
AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL: 83 4 (1993)
112
A-F me
Fig. 5. SEi pores
ga.s
view5
F, lateral
A-F=100|ini.
ISOETES
113
mahadeven
magn
mm mm
except for a small ovally-elongated, 1.2 broad, and 0.8 high window at base; sporangia ovoid, flattened
mm mm
at upper end, 2.5-3.0 wide, and 3-4 long; megaspores grey when wet. white when dry, dimor-
trilete,
phic, larger ones, pyramidal-globose, 270 |im-456 |im - 364 pm), spore wall four layered, perispore reticu-
{x
late distally, lacunae generally complete, separated from one anotlier by muri, anticlinal height of muri greater
than thickness of muri (tangential widlli), girdles without reticulations, proximal face with straight, thin trilete
ridges 35 joni-SO \\in high, interradial contact areas witlioul lacunae, equatorial ridge slightly undulating 10
FERN
114
^ni-17 pm high; smaller megaspores 185 ^m-305 pm {x = 244 pm), somewhal flattened, perisporal ornamenta-
contact areas on proximal face
lion similar to that of larger megaspores but indistinct on distal face, interradial
with one or two pustules, in SEM photomicrograph entire surface of perispore is covered by siliceous gel-fibres,
sometimes interconnected with one another but usually having broken ends forming an irregular net-like pattern
mesospore with numer-
exaspore and mesospore minutely granulate, firmly attached to each other,
in lacunae;
unknown.
microspores
ous surface folds, endaspore thin, translucent, smooth, with circular outline;
&
hoetes panchganknsis kemangundiensis Srivastava, Pant, Shukla var. nov. (Figs.
var.
—
Kemangundi, Chikmanglur
Kamataka,
5 C, D, F). Type: India, State of
K
CAL; 15031B;
Distr. leg G. K. Srivastava no. 15031A, 1987 isotypes: no.
15031C.
and Duthie hb. in Bot. Dept. Allahabad Univ. no.
Mcgasporae incompletis minute majoris; megasporae majores 322 |Ltm-564 jim
arcolis et
=
=
408 megaspores minores 209 |jm-306 )im (x 250 |im).
(x |im);
Megaspores with incomplete areoles and slightly larger; larger megaspores measure 322 |jm-564 |jm (x = 408
pm
and smaller megaspores measure 209 |im-306 (x = 250 jim).
Jim)
Plants of panchganiensis grow submerged and luxurious growth often forms a
tJieir
/.
The and
mat in the water of small shallow ditches together with dixitei. soil is clay silty
/.
pH
loam, and of water
(he
is 5.7.
Two The
varieties of/, panchganiensis sp. nov. are distinguished. type of the species /.
and
panchganiensis panchganiensis shows megaspores which are slightly smaller
var.
show complete The second panchganiensis kenmngundien-
usually areoles. variety, var.
/.
The
sis var. nov. shows larger megaspores with incomplete areoles. two varieties are
same
assigned to the species since they are otherwise identical.
The varietal name "kemangundiensis" derived from the type locality of the variety
is
"Kemangundi".
A
unique feature of this species a differentiated girdle on the distal face of megas-
is
No
pores adjacent to the equatorial ridge which devoid of reticulations. other Indian
is
shows
species
this feature.
panchganiensis is closest to panchananii in having almost the same type of reticu-
/. /.
magaspore from
late ornamentation. panchganiensis, however, can be distinguished
/.
/.
panchananii by several differing characters. the velum of panchganiensis almost
First,
/.
completely covers the sporangium whereas velum of panchananii covers about half
the
/.
of the sporangium. Second, ornamentation of megaspores of panch-
the reticulate
/.
oma-
ganiensis is confined to the central region of the distal face whereas the reticulate
menuition covers the entire disUil face of the megaspores of panchananii including the
/.
megaspores pan-
girdle. Third, the of/, panchganiensis arc slightly larger than those of/,
chananii. Furthermore, mature plants of panchganiensis are generally smaller than
/.
those of panchananii. In addition the sporangial wall of panchganiensis does not
/. /.
SEM
show
thick-walled cells like those present in the sporangial wall of panchananii.
/.
photomicrographs of megaspores show
of panchganiensis siliceous
relatively tiiicker
/.
They
gel-fibres. do not form connected networks and broken ends appear as peg-like
theu^
structures while the siliceous gel-fibres of megaspores of panchananii form a network
/.
over muri and lumina
the of the reticulations. panchganiensis also comparable to
is /.
/.
and The
reticulata rajasthanensis in having a complete velum, with only a basal
/. slit.
smooth from
characteristic girdle of panchganiensis, however, distinguishes clearly
/. it
them do
as the differences panchganiensis
in the pattern of siliceous gel-fibres. In
/.
siliceous gel-fibres are often interconnect with one another and form an irregular network
while do
in reticulata they not interconnect with one
another.
/.