Table Of Content

THE GENEVA CONVENTIONS OF 12 AUGUST 1949 COMMENTARY published under the general editorship of Jean S. PICTET Director for OeneraI Affairs of the Interna' t onal Committee of the Red Cross (Translated from the original French) GENEVA CONVENTION " ' FOR THE AMELIORATION OF THE CONDITION OF THE WOUNDED AND SI+CK IN AR MED FORCES IN THE FIELD Inter arma caritas GENEVA INTERNATIONAL COMMIlTEE OF THE RED CROSS 1952 Printed in Switzerland THE GENEVA CONVENTIONS OF 12 AUGUST 1949 COMMENTARY published under the general editorship of Jean S. PICTET Director for General Affairs of the International Committee of the Red Cross (Translated from the original French) GENEVA CONVENTION FOR THE AMELIORATION OF THE CONDITION OF THE WOUNDED AND SICK IN ARMED FORCES IN THE FIELD by Jean S. PICTE'T I' with contributions by Frkdkric SIORDET Claude P'LLLOUD Advocate Advocate Member of the ICRC Assistant-Director for General Affairs of the ICRC Jean-Pierre SCHOENHOLZER Renk-Jean WILHELM Secretary to the Central Member of the Management of the ICRC Legal Department of the ICRC Oscar H. UHLER Doctor of Laws Member of the Legal Department of the ICRC GENEVA INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE RED CROSS 1952 CONTENTS Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FOREWOW 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . INTRODUCTION 9 1. The Red Cross and the Geneva Convention of 1864 . . . . . . 9 2. Nature and significance of the Geneva Convention . . . . . . . 11 3. Revision of the Geneva Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 4. The Conventions of 1864. 1906. 1929 and 1949 . . . . . . . . . 14 TITLEOF THE CONVENTIO.N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 CHAPTER I GENERAL PROVISIONS ARTICLE1 -- Respect for the Convention . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 ARTICLE2 -- Application of the Convention . . . . . .'. . . . . . 27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General and historical 28 Paragraph 1 Armed conflicts involving the application of the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Convention 32 Paragraph 2 -- Occupied territories . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Paragraph 3 .Conflicts in which the belligerents are not all parties to the Convention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 1. Relations between belligerents parties to the Convention . . 33 2. Relations between Contracting and non-Contracting Parties 34 11 CONTENTS Page ARTICLE3 -- Conflicts not of an international character . . . . . . 37 Historical introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 1. Origin and development of the idea . . . . . . . . . . . 39 2. The discussions at the Diplomatic Conference of 1949 . . . 43 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Paragraph 1 -- Applicable provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Introductory sentence-Field of application of the Article A. Cases of armed conflict . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. Obligations of the Parties . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Sub-paragraphs 1 and 2-Extent of the obligation . . . . . A. Sub-paragraph 1:Humane treatment . . . . . . . . B. Sub-paragraph 2: Care of the wounded and sick . . . Paragraph 2 -- Right of humanitarian initiative . . . . . . . . Paragraph 3 -- Special agreements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Paragraph 4 .Lack of effect on the legal status of the Parties to the conflict . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ARTICLE4 -- Application of the Convention by neutral Powers . . . ARTICLE5 -- Duration of application of the Convention . . . . . . . ARTICLE6 -- Special agreements . . . . . . . . . . . . General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Paragraph 1 .Nature. form and limitation of the special agree- ments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. First sentence-Nature and form of the special agreements A. Form of the agreements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. Time of conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Second sefitence Prohibited special agreements . . . . A. The problem of "derogatory agreements" . . . . . . B Scope of the "saving clause" . . . . . . . . . . . . ' C. Special problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Paragraph 2 .Duration of special agreements ARTICLE7 Non-renunciation of rights . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. Renunciation of protection under the Convention . . . . . . A. Reasons for absolute prohibition . . . . . . . . . . . CONTENTS 111 . B Will of protected persons in the application of the Conven- tions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Nature of the rights conferred upon protected persons . . . . A. The basic concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. Concrete aspect of the rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. Obligation on persons protected . . . . . . . . . . . . ARTICLE8 -- Protecting Powers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. Historical background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Discussions at the Diplomatic Conference of 1949 . . . . Paragraph 1 -- General role of the Protecting Powers . . . . . A. First sentence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. Second and third sentences: Executive agents . . . . . . Paragraph 2 -- Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Paragraph 3 -- Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ARTICLE9 .Activities of the International Committee of the Red Cross Historical background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Comments on the Article . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. Approved organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Activities authorized . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. Scope of the Article . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ARTICLE1 0. -- Substitutes for Protecting Powers . . . . . . . . . General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Paragraph 1 -- Special international organization . . . . . . . Paragraph 2 -- Absence of Protecting Power . . . . . . . . . Paragraph 3 -- In default of substitutes . . . . . . . . . . . . Paragraph 4 -- Requisite qualifications . . . . . . . . . . . . Paragraph 5 -- Prohibited derogations . . . . . . . . . . . . Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV CONTENTS Page ARTICLE11. -- Conciliation procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 Paragraph 1 -- Good offices of the Protecting Powers . . . . . 127 Paragraph 2 .Meeting of representatives of Parties to the conflict 128 Legal settlement of disputes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 CHAPTER I1 WOUNDED AND SICK ARTICLE12 -- Protection and care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 Paragraph 1 -- Respect and protection . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 A. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 B. Extent of the obligation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 C. Definition of the wounded . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 Paragraph 2 -- Treatment and care . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 A. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 B. Distinctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 C. Prohibited attempts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 Paragraph 3 -- Order of treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Paragraph 4 -- Treatment of women . . . . . . . . . . . . . '140 Paragraph 5 -- Contribution to treatment . . . . . . . . . . . 141 ARTICLE13 -- Protected persons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 A. Search for a definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 B. Value of the definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 C. The different categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 ARTICLE14 -- Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 A. Law applicable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 B. Preferential clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 C. Reservation with regard to Article 12 . . . . . . . . . . . 149 v CONTENTS Page ARTICLE 15 -- Search for casualties .Evacuation . . . . . . . . . . 150 Paragraph 1 -- Search. protection and first aid . . . . . . . . . 150 A. Extent of the obligation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 B. Search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 C. Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 D . First aid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 Paragraph 2 -- Suspension of fire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 A. Lcca! arrangements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. JC-+A 'B. Exchange.of wounded . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 Paragraph 3 -- Evacuation of a besieged area . . . . . . . . . 155 A. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 B. Besieged or encircled area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 C. Evacuation and exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 D. Passage of medical and religious personnel and equipment 157 ARTICLE1 6 -- Recording and forwarding of information . . . . . . 158 Paragraphs 1 and 2 -- Recording . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 A. Nature of the obligation . . . . . . .' . . . . . . . . 161 B. Recording . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 C. Elements of identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 D. Identity card . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 E. Other particulars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 F. Date of death . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 G. Medical particulars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 H. Uncollected wounded . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 Paragraph 3 -- Forwarding of information . . . . . . . . . . 165 1. Official Information Bureau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 2. Central Prisoners of War Agency . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 Paragraph 4 -- Particulars of the dead . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 1. Death certificates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 2. Personal assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 A. Identity disc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 B. Wills. Objects of value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 C. Unidentified articles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 VI CONTENTS Page 3. Forwarding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 4. Provisions of the Third Convention . . . . . . . . . . . 172 A. Interrogation of wounded . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 B. Cards giving notice of capture . . . . . . . . . . . 174 ARTICLE1 7 .Prescriptions regarding the dead . Graves Registration Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Paragraph 1 -- Examination of the bodies . . . . . . . . . . . . A. Nature of the obligation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. Individual burial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. Examination of the body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Paragraph 2 -- Cremation . . . . . . . . . . . . Paragraph 3 -- Interment. Graves Registration Service . . . . .. 1. Graves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. Respect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. Grouping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. Marking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Graves Registration Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. Return of bodies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. Ashes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Paragraph 4 -- Exchange of information . . . . . . . . . A. Graves of prisoners of war . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. Organization of the Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ARTICLE1 8 -- Role of the population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 Paragraph 1 -- Appeal to the inhabitants . . . . . . . . . . 186 . A. Nature of the provision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 , B. Charitable action of the inhabitants . . . . . . . . . . 186 CONTENTS VII Page C. Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 D . Protection and facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 Paragraph 2 -- Spontaneous efforts . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. Right to relief action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. .Relief societies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. Reassertion of the principle of inviolability . . . . . . . Paragraph 3 -Prohibitionef penalties . . . . . . . . . ,. . . Paragraph 4 -Maintenance of the Occupying Power's obligations CHAPTER I11 MEDICAL UNITS AND ESTABLISHMENTS ARTICLE1 9 -- Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 Paragraph 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 A. Fixed establishments and mobile units . . . . . . . . . 194 B. Respect and protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 C. In case ~f capture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 Paragraph 2 -- ~emotenessof military objectives . . . . . . . 198 ARTICLE2 0 -- Protection of hospital ships . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 ARTICLE2 1 .Discontinuance of protection of medical establishments and units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 A. Acts harmful to the enemy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B Warning and time limit 201 ARTICLE22 .Conditions not depriving medical units and establishments of protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 . . . . . . . . . . . . ARTICLE23 -- Hospital zones and localities 206 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206

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The Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949. Commentary. Volume I: For the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field. PDF

477 Pages·1952·17.47 MB·English
by  Jean S. Pictet
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