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LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School
1993
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John Marshall Bates
Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College
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Bates, John Marshall, "The Genetic Effects of Forest Fragmentation on Amazonian Forest Birds." (1993).
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 5612.
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The genetic effects of forest fragmentation on Amazonian forest
birds
Bates, John Marshall, Ph.D.
The Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical Col., 1993
U M I
300 N. Zeeb Rd.
Ann Arbor, MI 48106
THE GENETIC EFFECTS OF FOREST FRAGMENTATION ON
AMAZONIAN FOREST BIRDS
A Dissertation
Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the
Louisiana State University and
Agricultural and Mechanical College
in partial fulfillment of the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy
in
The Department of Zoology and Physiology
by
John M. Bates
B. S., University of Arizona, 1983
M. S., University of Arizona, 1987
December 1993
Acknowledgments
I owe thanks to many people who provided support during the
various aspects of this research. Bolivian field work was funded by a grant
to J. V. Remsen from John H. Mcllhenny in 1988 and by National
Geographic Society grant 4089-89 to J. V. Remsen with additional support
from Mrs. Paquita Machris in 1989. The staff of the Parque Nacional Noel
Kempff Mercado under the direction of Ing. Nestor Ruiz generously
provided logistical support on both expeditions. Ing. Gregorio Cerro
Grande was especially helpful. Many people in the city of Santa Cruz
especially Lie. Arturo Moscoso V. of the Dpto. de Vida Silvestre, Centro de
Desarrollo Forestal, Lie. Teresa R. de Centurion and her staff at the Museo
de Historia Natural "Noel Kempff Mercado/' and Dr. Enrique Quintela and
his family provided advice and help throughout my work in Bolivia.
I had the pleasure of working with many people in the field.
Carmelo Pena, Marta Sanchez, Juan Surubf and the people of Florida and
Piso Firme were invaluable in setting up and maintaining various camps.
Armando Yepez was an indispensable field hand and companion
throughout my fieldwork. Manuel Sanchez S. was invaluable in all
aspects of field work on the 1989 expedition. Special thanks go to Hermes
Justiniano of the Fundacion Amigos de la Naturaleza for his interest in
our project, and his patience in flying the 1989 expedition throughout the
region without the slightest incident; and to Abel Castillo, who was a
tireless ornithologist, negotiator, camp foreman, and friend on both
expeditions.
Expedition members included Mary C. Garvin, Donna C. Schmitt,
and C. Gregory Schmitt in 1988, and Angelo P. Capparella, Maria Dolores
Carreno, Tristan J. Davis, Curtis A. Marantz, Theodore A. Parker, III, and
Gary H. Rosenberg in 1989. Abel Castillo participated on both trips. As
with all LSUMNS expeditions, these people were tremendous in the field,
and their willingness to take as much data as possible, including tissues
from each specimen were critical to the success of this project. I thank also
the many members of other expeditions who collected frozen tissue
samples that were used in this project. Mort and Phyllis Isler provided me
with tapes of vocalizations of the study species for use in the field.
The second phase of this project, the lab work, was done in the
friendly confines of the Museum at LSU. Funding for lab work came from
the Alexander Wetmore Fund of the American Ornithologists' Union and
an NSF grant to R. M. Zink. Donna Dittmann and Bill Rootes taught me
how to perform the mitochondrial DNA work; their patience is greatly
appreciated. Alice Fogg and Gail Kinney made sure that I always spent my
money, and they bailed me out of bureaucratic nightmares on many
occasions. My fellow museum graduate students were always a great
source of inspiration and when necessary diversion. I'm especially grateful
to the ornithology graduate students and the other "gel jockeys" including
John Gerwin, Jim Demastes, Teresa DeWalt, and Cathi Lehn.
My committee members, David Good, Mark Hafner, Dorothy
Pashley, Richard Pace, and J. V. Remsen provided many helpful
suggestions for improving drafts of this dissertation. J. V. Remsen initially
suggested this project as we discussed proposals for funding before the 1989
expedition. I thank him for allowing me to participate in Bolivian field
work. His thoughtful reviews of my work, and patience with my
penmanship and grammar are appreciated. I thank Robert M. Zink for
allowing me to pursue a project in the Neotropics, and for providing
support of all kinds when I needed it. He introduced me to all aspects of
molecular techniques and data analysis. Not only was much of the lab
work funded through his grants, but everything I wrote while a doctoral
student benefited from his editorial skills.
Finally, I would like to give special thanks to my family, who have
supported me throughout this seemingly endless graduate career, and
most of all to Shannon Hackett, my wife, friend, office mate, lab mate, and
advisor on all aspects of this project.
I dedicate this dissertation to Robert W. Bates, who first introduced
the members of my family to the wonders of science, and to the memory of
Ted Parker, who was a wonderful source of inspiration and knowledge to
every LSU ornithology student in the last 20 years. We were all very
fortunate to know him, and he will be missed greatly .
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................ ii
ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................... vi
CHAPTER
1 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................... 1
2 ALLOZYMES.......................................................................................... 12
3 MITOCHONDRIAL DNA-...................................................................... 46
4 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ................................................... 90
LITERATURE CITED-........................................................................................ 98
APPENDIX
I STUDY SITE LOCALITIES.............................................................. 108
D ROGERS' (1972) AND NEI'S (1978) GENETIC DISTANCES - 109
ffl GEOGRAPHIC DISTANCE MATRICES..................................... 115
IV UPGMA PHENOGRAMS FROM ROGERS' (1972) D............ 116
V. MTDNA RESTRICTION FRAGMENT SIZES......................... 120
VITA .................................................................................................................. 125
v
Description:from each specimen were critical to the success of this project. I thank also to the ornithology graduate students and the other "gel jockeys" including.
