Table Of ContentPortrait of Columbus, [lurchased bySpain in 17H3 from Senor N.Yane/.,
of Grranada,andpreserved intheNational LibraryatMadrid.
•5-
New Tork, May 17, 1905.
Hon. "William A. Courtenay, LL. D.,
Newry, South Carolina.
Dear Sir:
In ansTwer.to ywr nptg; o£ the ,9thJQata.I.enclosfiLherewith a mgmo-
rtraunstduymoustwaitlelmefnintd,*s"aatbiosuftacttohrey,"Jatjhneizs pmoertmroarita'nodfuCmolwuansjbupSrie^pwarheidcHbyI
Mr. H. M. Lydenberg, of this Library [New Tork Public]. _ .,
In 1763 the Spanish Goverrim»snt bought from Senor N. "fanej^|of
Granada, four portraits painted on poplar wood and said to be con-
temporary and original likenesses of the four subjects, Columbus,
LORg de "Vega, Cortez and Quevedo the portaits were beautiful,"but
somewhat dilapidated, ail apparently; by the same hand. In this con-
nection, it will he recalled at once that when Columbus died Cortez
was but a boy, and that Lope and Quevedo were not bom until 50
years after. The (idWEaits were placed in the National .Library;of
Madrid where they remain to> this da,3f.
The portrait of Columbus resembled the Jovian engraving, a type
to whichmay be referred many of his alleged likenesses. This Jovian
portrait appeared first 'as a wood cut, in Jovlus's Elogia Virorum
Bellica Virtute lUastrlum", the'folio edition, printed at Basel in4575.
The "Tanez portrait at this time had the same inscription, namely,
"Cristof Columbug Nori Orbis Inuentor", but the figure was distin-
guished from that in the JoVlan type by the flowing rqbe with a
heavy fur collar. - '
In 1847 "Valentino Carderea made a careful examination of it and
described it as follows: •
."The picture is two feet high, painted on poplar-wood board
(Cftopo), a wood which was never used by the Spanish artists of that
time, though it was much employed-by the Italians. It is the:sa,me
size as the Jovian picture; and has. the same epigraph; the painter,
besides, was a mannerist, and wielded a weak brush. The fur robe,
close-fitting and crossed in front, differs widely from that in all
known"pictures; but a Scrupulous examination has conyjnced me tliat
it is recent and the work of a modern restorer. It looks like an
alteration made a few years ago by inexpert hands." (Apud Ppnce
de Leon's "Columbus Gallery", New York, 1893, page 9.)
Some thirty years later, about 1875, Carderea proposed that the por-
trait be restored to its original condition, and this restoration was
done by Salvador Martinez Cubells, by which process the present very
sa;tlsractory j&ortrait was brought out. It was discovered that|the
Legend read, Columbvs LygVr Novi Orbis Reptor. '
isEhxSpcehrotosl,bebluite—vebetchaautsteheoforiitsg*insatlylepaainntdincgolboerlionngg—stonotthetoFltohreenStpianne-,
the Altissimo, and may have been painted by one of the disciples of
the Bronzlno, undoubtedly In Italy in the sixteenth century.
It is certainly one of the oldest known, and by the material, form,
featuT%S; dress arH other danditlons, offers great proof of genuirieniess.
The authorities for the above statements are Ponce de Leon's "Co-
lumbus GalJery",vand the Lives of.Columbus, by John B(^yd Thatcher,
Justin,"Winsor, and others. i . ;,,. ,.ui";-.,
I believe a copy of the portrait we ndW have was made some years
ago for General Fairchild, and by him given to the State Historical
Society of "Wisconsin.
Trusting that this statement may be satisfactory, I remain,
> Very respectfully,
J. S.'Billings
Director.
; ;
a*^'^
The
Genesis
OF
South Carolina
1562-1670
Edited, withanIntroduction by
HON. WM. A. COURTENAyI LL. D.
"Westward the course of empire takes Its way
The four iSrst acts already past,
A fifth shall close the drama with the day
Time's noblest offspring Is the last."
PEIVATBIiY PHINTBD BT
THE STATE COMPANY,
^ Columbia, S. C.
^ 1907.
CONTENTS
PAGE
Introduction vii
—
1562 Admiral Gaspard de Coligny's colony of
French Protestants at Port Royal,
—
South Carolina. The fleet under the
command of Captain Jean Ribault; an
account of this early settlement, its
subsequent abandonment, and the fate
of the small remnant left behind, the
attempt to reach France in an open
boat, their sufferings and tragedy .xvi-xlvii
— .
1630 Charles I. of England encouraged and
aided a colony of French Protestants to
embark for Carolana, but by the igno-
rance or treachery of the captain of the
vessel the voyage miscarried and the
colony was landed in Virginia; being
unexpected, they suffered many priva-
tions and endured some suffering; the
owners of the vessel were held respon-
sible and paid heavy penalties for the
failure xlviii-lix
—
1663 Captain Hilton made a voyage from Bar-
badoes, under English influences there,
having in view the intended purpose in
England to make a permanent settle-
ment in Carolina; the coast was care-
fully observed from Cape Fear to Port
Royal 1-40
IV
PAGE
—
1666 A similar voyage was undertaken this
year by Captain Sandford, and new
observations made, looking to the per-
manent occupation of Carolina .... 41-84
—
1669-'70 A permanent colony, in three ships,
sailed from England via Kingsale, Ire-
land, thence for Barbadoes, and after
serious adverse experiences the colony
finally located on the west side of Ash-
ley River, west of the present city of
Charleston 85-129
In the same year, under the encourage-
ment of Governor Talbot of Maryland,
John Lederer undertook an overland
journey from James River, Virginia, to
Carolina, and reported his experiences
to Governor Talbot, who caused the re-
port to be printed. It was claimed
that Lederer penetrated as- far as the
Saluda River in South Carolina, but in
recent years Lederer's accounts of his
explorations and discoveries have been
shown to have been mythical 131-177
ILLUSTRATIONS
—
1. Frontispiece the Yanez Portrait of Colum-
bus.
2. Ruins of Uxmal, Yucatan, copied from "Les
Anciennes Villes du Nouveau Monde". xii
. .
3. Memorial of Gaspard de Ooligny, in the wall
of L'Eglise d'Oratoire, Paris, erected by
popular subscription in France, three cen-
turies after his death xvi
4. Port Royal map, showing Charles Fort, built
by Ribault colony xxxii
5. Hilton's map of the coast of N. and S. Caro-
lina 4
6. Great Seal of the Lords Proprietors 84
7. Portrait of Lord Ashley, Earl of Shaftesbury 92
8. Portrait of John Locke, the philosopher,
author of the Fundamental Constitutions
of Carolina 108
9. Oulpeper's map of Charles Town, 1672 . . . 124
10. Map of Carolina, published in 1672 128
11. John Lederer's map 134
12. Map showing growth of the province, 1711 178
. .
INTRODUCTION
"There shall come a time in later ages, when ocean shall
relax his chains and a vast continent appear, and a pilot
shall find new worlds and Thule shall be no more earth's
bounds."
The art of navigation is as old as civilization, and the
practice of it must have begun when bartering com-
menced. Its early development in European waters
was in the eastern part of the Mediterranean, with open
boats, such as Homer mentioned. Vessels of this char-
acter could not make a commercial nation like that
which throve in Phoenicia. Therefore we find that her
ships were large and that they used both sails and oars.
More than three thousand years ago the sailors of this
little state had passed out of the Mediterranean, had
founded Cadiz, and were trafficking along the Atlantic
shores of Europe and Africa.
The maritime spirit of the Phoenicians descended
upon the Carthagenians, the Italians, and the Portu-
guese. The last named began that golden age of geo-
graphical discovery which characterized the fifteenth
century.
