The general in winter : the Marlborough-Godolphin friendship and the reign of Anne

402 Pages·2017·3.47 MB·English

by  Godolphin

THE GENERAL IN WINTER

The General in Winter
The Marlborough-Godolphin Friendship
and the Reign of Queen Anne
FRANCES HARRIS
1
3
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Acknowledgements
I am most grateful to the following institutions for allowing me to consult and
makeuseofmaterialsintheircollectionsandforthehelpandcourtesyoftheirstaff:
The Keeper of Special Collections, Bodleian Library, University of Oxford; The
British Library Board; The Syndics of Cambridge University Library; Churchill
Archives Centre, Churchill College Cambridge; Colchester and Ipswich Museum
Service; Cornwall Record Office; Hertfordshire Archives and Local Studies;
Hudson’s Bay Company Corporate Collection; The Huntington Library, San
Marino, California; Kenneth Spencer Research Library, University of Kansas
Libraries;KentHistory&LibraryCentre,Maidstone;KoninklijkeVerzamelingen,
Den Haag; Leicestershire Record Office; Nationaal Archief, Den Haag; The
NationalArchives,Kew;TheNationalLibraryofScotland;TheNationalPortrait
Gallery, London, and the Heinz Library; The National Records of Scotland; The
NationalLibraryofWalesCollection;TheNationalTrust;TheNewberryLibrary,
Chicago; Manuscripts and Archives Division, New York Public Library, Astor,
Lenox, and Tilden Foundations; Niedersächsischen Landesarchiv, Hannover;
Northamptonshire Record Office; The Deputy Keeper of Public Records of
NorthernIreland;ManuscriptsandSpecialCollections,UniversityofNottingham
Library; Staffordshire Record Office; The Royal Collections Trust, London; The
Board of Trinity College Dublin; The James Marshall and Marie-Louise Osborn
Collection,BeineckeRareBookandManuscriptLibrary,andTheLewisWalpole
Library,YaleUniversity;BorthwickInstituteforArchives,UniversityofYork.
I am most grateful to His Grace the Duke of Marlborough for permission to
reproduceportraitsatBlenheimPalaceandtoKateBallengerandKarenWiseman
at Blenheim Palace for their help. His Grace the Duke of Montrose has kindly
allowed me to include a quotation from the Montrose Muniments. References to
the CoventryandPortlandPapers at Longleatareincluded bykind permissionof
the Marquess of Bath, Longleat House, Warminster, Wiltshire, Great Britain.
References to the Seafield Papers are included by kind permission of the Right
HonourabletheEarlofSeafield.ReferencestotheDartmouthMSSareincludedby
kind permission of the Earl of Dartmouth. Sir Robert Clerk of Penicuik, Bt., has
verykindlyallowedmetoincludequotationsfromSirJohnClerk’s‘Memoirsofthe
affairs of Scotland after the adjournment of the Parliament’, which are in his
copyright.QuotationsfromtheBagotMSSatLevensHall,Cumbria,areincluded
by kind permission of Mr Richard Bagot. References to the Stanhope MSS are
includedbykindpermissionoftheBoardofTrusteesoftheCheveningEstates.
ThedistinguishedQueenAnnescholar,thelateHenryL.Snyder,wasgenerous
with information and support from the time I started out in my research;
I acknowledge the kind permission of Oxford University Press for the use I have
made of his invaluable edition of The Marlborough-Godolphin Correspondence.
I have also benefited from many conversations with the late Edward Gregg, who
vi Acknowledgements
plannedalifeofMarlboroughfromthepoliticalanddiplomaticstandpoint,butdid
not live to write it. Dr Paul Seaward, Director, and the staff of the History of
Parliament, and most especially Stuart Handley, have been most generous in
sharing information and also kindly allowed me to consult the entries for
Marlborough and Godolphin to be included in their latest volumes on the
HouseofLords1660–1714.
I am very muchindebtedtoSir KeithThomas andtoClaire Tomalinfor their
greatkindnessandsupportofmyworkovermanyyears.Iamverygratefultothe
followingfortheirhelpatparticularpoints:PeterBarber,RobertBucholz,Douglas
Chambers,JoGooderham,JohnHattendorf,DavidHayton,KateIrvine,Graham
Jefcoate, Clyve Jones, Elfrida Roberts, Bill Speck, Cornelia Wilde, James Winn,
andChristopherWright.
IwouldliketothankthedelegatesofOxfordUniversityPress,andinparticular
RobertFaber,StephanieIreland,andCathrynSteele,andallthoseinvolvedinthe
production of this book, for enabling me to complete a Marlborough-Godolphin
trilogy.
Idedicatethisbooktomyparents.
Contents
ListofFigures ix
ListofAbbreviations xi
NoteonDates xiii
Introduction 1
Prologue:HolywellHouse,StAlbans,August1712 12
1. 1660–1688 16
2. 1689–1701 57
3. 1702–1703 96
4. 1703–1704 120
5. 1704–1705 139
6. 1705–1706 163
7. 1706–1707 186
8. 1707–1708 216
9. 1708–1709 242
10. 1709–1710 276
11. 1710–1711 301
12. 1711–1712 338
Afterword 363
Bibliography 367
Index 379

List of Figures
0.1. EngravingofStAlbansintheearlynineteenthcentury.HolywellHouse,its
summerhouse,andthegardensoriginallylaidoutbyMarlboroughare
intheforeground.EngravedbyG.CookeafterC.Varley,1815
(HertfordshireArchivesandLocalStudiesDZ/119/1). 13
1.1. Sidney,LordGodolphin,1680s,byanunidentifiedartist(National
PortraitGallery,London). 43
2.1. TheMarlboroughfamily,circa1696–7,byJohnClosterman(bykind
permissionofHisGracetheDukeofMarlborough). 77
3.1. QueenAnne,1703,byEdmundLilly(bykindpermissionofHisGrace
theDukeofMarlborough). 97
5.1. QueenAnneintheHouseofLords,byPeterTillemans,1708–14(Royal
CollectionsTrust/copyrightHerMajestyQueenElizabethII2016). 150
7.1. JohnChurchill,1stDukeofMarlborough,circa1706–7,bySirGodfrey
Kneller(HBCCorporateCollection). 201
7.2. Sarah,DuchessofMarlborough,bySirGodfreyKneller.Possiblya
companionpiece(NationalTrustImages/TimStephens). 203
7.3. Sidney,1stEarlofGodolphin,thefirstLordTreasurerofGreatBritain,by
SirGodfreyKneller(NationalPortraitGallery,London). 210
11.1. RobertHarley,1stEarlofOxford,byJonathanRichardson(Philip
Mould/BridgemanImages). 311
12.1. Thegeneralinwinter:JohnChurchill,1stDukeofMarlborough,at
Antwerpin1714,byZegerJacobvanHelmont(ColchesterandIpswich
MuseumService). 356