Table Of Contentthe gardens of sallust
HHaarrttsswwiicckk..iinnddbb ii 55//33//0055 44::5555::4488 PPMM
THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
T H E G A R D E N S O F
S A L L U S T
A Changing Landscape
k i m j. h a r t s w i c k
university of texas press
austin
HHaarrttsswwiicckk..iinnddbb iiiiii 55//33//0055 44::5555::4488 PPMM
The publication of this book was made possible by a gift made
in honor of Lindsay Morehead Larkin and Mia Kleberg Larkin
and by generous grants from George Washington University
and its Department of Fine Arts and Art History.
Copyright © 2004 by the University of Texas Press ∞ The paper used in this book meets the minimum require-
All rights reserved ments of ansi/niso z39.48-1992 (r1997) (Permanence of Paper).
Printed in the United States of America
library of congress cataloging-in-publication data
First edition, 2004
Hartswick, Kim J.
Requests for permission to reproduce material from this work The Gardens of Sallust : a changing landscape / Kim J.
should be sent to Permissions, University of Texas Press, Box Hartswick.
7819, Austin, TX 78713-7819. p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
isbn 0-292-70547-6 (hardcover : alk. paper)
1. Horti Sallustiani (Rome, Italy)—History. 2. Gardens,
Roman—Italy—Rome—History. I. Title.
sb466.i83h675 2004
712´.0937´6—dc21 2003007783
HHaarrttsswwiicckk..iinnddbb iivv 55//33//0055 44::5555::4499 PPMM
Dedicated to my parents
HHaarrttsswwiicckk..iinnddbb vv 55//33//0055 44::5555::4499 PPMM
THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
c o n t e n t s
Acknowledgments ix
Introduction xi
Part I. Topography and History 1
location and topography 1
boundaries 6
the original owner: c. sallustius crispus 8
inheritors of sallust’s gardens 10
imperial properties 11
plantings in garden estates 12
the Hortus as self-display 16
post-antique period 20
the ludovisi 21
josef spithoever 25
the 1880’s “building fever” and its aftermath 27
Part II. The Architecture of the Gardens 31
the destailleur plan and pertinent ancient remains 31
the “vestibule” in the piazza sallustio 37
an obelisk 52
wall(s) of niches 58
a cryptoporticus 60
the so-called circus of flora 61
temples of venus 68
Part III. Sculptural Finds 83
artemis, iphigenia, and a hind 85
niobids 93
gauls 104
the world of dionysos 108
“nymphs” and candelabra 116
HHaarrttsswwiicckk..iinnddbb vviiii 55//33//0055 44::5555::5500 PPMM
(cid:1)
viii the gardens of sallust
the ludovisi and boston “thrones” 119
ludovisi “throne”: discovery and early theories 119
boston “throne”: discovery and early reports 121
use and reuse 124
egyptian sculptures 130
sculptures found in 1888 near the via boncompagni 138
orestes and electra 140
Addendum: The Templum Gentis Flaviae and the Three Temples of Fortune 143
Afterword 147
Notes 149
Abbreviations of Periodicals and Series 197
Bibliographic Abbreviations 199
Illustration Credits 207
Index 211
HHaarrttsswwiicckk..iinnddbb vviiiiii 55//33//0055 44::5555::5500 PPMM
a c k n o w l e d g m e n t s
This study has been in the making for a number of leur collection in Paris, John Herrmann (Museum of
years, and I have been fortunate to be able to pursue Fine Arts, Boston), Mette Moltesen (Ny Carlsberg
most of my research in Rome. The George Washing- Glyptotek), Silvia Orlandi (for information on the
ton University offered me fi nancial assistance through “Comitato Nazionale per lo studio delle opere di Pirro
the University Facility Fund to spend part of the sum- Ligorio”), William Peck (Detroit Museum of Art),
mer of 1994 in Rome, and in 1998 I was a Resident of and fi nally Agnese Pompei (Rome), who contacted me
the American Academy in Rome for ten weeks. It was regarding the restoration of the so-called Aula Adria-
there where most of this research was undertaken, and nae (the vestibule).
I am most grateful to all the fellows, residents, and Ingrid S. Rowland, Magda Ferreti, and John
employees of this wonderful institution. In particular, Ziolkowski aided in some diffi cult translations of Latin
I thank Lester Little, the Director of the Academy, and and Italian, and, in particular, Dana Burgess translated
Christina Huemer, the Librarian, for their support in several diffi cult Latin passages, as indicated in the
all aspects of my residency and my other stays there. notes. Caroline Dexter gave her expertise on several
Likewise, Eileen Markson, Librarian at Bryn Mawr issues concerning inscriptions, as well as infl uencing
College, was, as usual, generous and helpful with all the title of this book. John Wilton-Ely answered ques-
my queries. tions concerning Piranesi and was generous in sending
The Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana was indispens- me pertinent photographs. I had fruitful discussions
able especially for its manuscript collection, and the in Rome with Patricia Osmond de Martino concern-
German Archaeological Institute in Rome was also ing Sallust and with Enrico Bruschini, Direttore dei
useful for holdings not at the American Academy. Beni Artistici at the United States Embassy, who is an
Other research was conducted at the Biblioteca Nazio- expert on the old Ludovisi palaces. Daniela Candilio
nale in Naples; the Biblioteca Capitolina in Verona; the was very kind to discuss with me the pertinent sculp-
Bibliothèque Nationale de France in Paris; the Boston tures in the Museo Nazionale delle Terme in Rome, as
Public Library; the libraries of the National Gallery of was Elizabeth Milliker at the Metropolitan Museum
Art, the Center for Hellenic Studies in Washington, in New York. Although they are not responsible for
D.C., Bryn Mawr College in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylva- any of the conclusions reached in this study, I am
nia, and the Institute of Fine Arts, New York Univer- fortunate to be acquainted with Eugenia Salza Prina
sity; the New York Public Library; and the Avery and Ricotti and Wilhelmina Jashemski, both true pioneers
Butler libraries of Columbia University, New York. in the subject of ancient Roman gardens. I have also
Finally, because of the interlibrary loan department been fortunate in having three excellent readers of the
of the George Washington University, I was able to manuscript (one anonymous as well as Ingrid S. Row-
continue at least some of this research while holding land and Miranda Marvin), who offered numerous
down a full-time teaching schedule. suggestions and gave encouragement for my pursuit
E-mail and the fax machine proved to be valuable of this study. Their comments have been very much
tools in making contact with scholars, all of whom appreciated and have made this a better publication.
answered my queries and offered advice. Among I am forever in debt to the outstanding group of
these I thank Sir John Boardman (Oxford), Bernd photographers at the Biomedical Communications
Evers (Berlin), Bernd Kulawik (Berlin), and Valery Department at the George Washington University
Shevchenko (St. Petersburg), the last three for infor- that digitized, manipulated, and photographed many
mation regarding a drawing formerly in the Destail- of the images. They consistently tolerated with good
HHaarrttsswwiicckk..iinnddbb iixx 55//33//0055 44::5555::5500 PPMM
