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Geophysical Monograph 204
The Galápagos
A Natural Laboratory for
the Earth Sciences
Karen S. Harpp
Eric Mittelstaedt
Noémi d’Ozouville
David W. Graham
Editors
This work is a co-publication between the American Geophysical Union and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
This work is a co-publication between the American Geophysical Union and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Published under the aegis of the AGU Books Board
Brooks Hanson, Director of Publications
Robert van der Hilst, Chair, Publications Committee
Richard Blakely, Vice Chair, Publications Committee
© 2014 by the American Geophysical Union, 2000 Florida Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20009
For details about the American Geophysical Union, see www.agu.org.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
The Galapagos : a natural laboratory for the Earth sciences / [edited by] Karen S. Harpp, Eric Mittelstaedt,
Noémi d’Ozouville, David W. Graham.
pages cm. – (Geophysical monograph series)
“Co-publication between the American Geophysical Union and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.”
–Title page verso. Summary: “This book has an international broad scope. It should be of interest to a wide
multi-disciplinary audience in USA, European countries and other countries” – Provided by publisher.
Includes index.
ISBN 978-1-118-85241-5 (hardback)
1. Geology–Galapagos Islands. 2. Biodiversity–Galapagos Islands. 3. Biogeography–Galapagos Islands.
4. Galapagos Islands. I. Harpp, Karen S.
QE349.G3G35 2014
508.866ʹ5–dc23
2013050566
Cover images: Satellite image of Fernandina and Isabela Islands, created by Scott Baker from the University of Miami, InSAR
Laboratory using data from the Landsat-7 satellite; Eruption photo courtesy of Karen S. Harpp, Volume Editor. The 2005
eruption of Sierra Negra volcano, Galápagos. Photo by Karen Harpp (2005); Birds photo courtesy of Karen S. Harpp, Volume
Editor. Juvenile Nazca boobies on Wolf Island, northern Galápagos. Photo by Karen Harpp (2010); Back cover image courtesy
of David Graham, Volume Editor. Kicker Rock, Galápagos. Photo by David Graham (1998).
Cover design by Modern Alchemy LLC
Printed in Singapore
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
Contributors ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������vii
Foreword: Darwin’s Perspective
Randal Keynes �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������xi
Foreword: The Galápagos as a Natural Laboratory
Peter Grant ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������xiii
Acknowledgments ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������xv
1. Introduction
Eric Mittelstaedt, Noémi d’Ozouville, Karen S� Harpp, and David W� Graham ������������������������������������������������1
2. Contrasting Volcanism in Hawai‘i and the Galápagos
Michael P� Poland �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������5
3. Galápagos and Easter: A Tale of Two Hotspots
Karen S� Harpp, Paul S� Hall, and Matthew G� Jackson ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������27
4. Eruption Rates for Fernandina Volcano: A New Chronology at the Galápagos Hotspot Center
Mark D� Kurz, Scott K� Rowland, Joshua Curtice, Alberto E� Saal, and Terry Naumann ����������������������������������41
5. Galápagos Magma Chambers
Dennis J� Geist, George Bergantz, and William W� Chadwick, Jr� ������������������������������������������������������������������55
6. The Geology and Geochemistry of Isla Floreana, Galápagos: A Different Type of Late-Stage
Ocean Island Volcanism
Karen S� Harpp, Dennis J� Geist, Alison M� Koleszar, Branden Christensen, John Lyons,
Melissa Sabga, and Nathan Rollins ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������71
7. Plate Tectonics, Evolution, and the Survival of Species: A Modern Day Hotspot
Godfrey Merlen �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������119
8. A Paleogeographic Model of the Galápagos Islands and Biogeographical and Evolutionary
Implications
Dennis J� Geist, Howard Snell, Heidi Snell, Charlotte Goddard, and Mark D� Kurz ��������������������������������������145
9. Hydrogeology of the Galápagos Archipelago: An Integrated and Comparative Approach
Between Islands
Sophie Violette, Noémi d’Ozouville, Alexandre Pryet, Benoît Deffontaines, Jérôme Fortin, and
Mathilde Adelinet ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������167
10. Controls on the Hydrological and Topographic Evolution of Shield Volcanoes
and Volcanic Ocean Islands
Anne J� Jefferson, Ken L� Ferrier, J� Taylor Perron, and Ricardo Ramalho �������������������������������������������������������185
11. Climate and the Global Reach of the Galápagos Archipelago: State of the Knowledge
Kristopher B� Karnauskas, Raghu Murtugudde, and W� Brechner Owens ����������������������������������������������������215
v
vi Contents
12. Assessment of the Chile 2010 and Japan 2011 Tsunami Events in the Galápagos Islands
Willington Rentería and Patrick Lynett ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������233
13. Patterns in Galápagos Magmatism Arising from the Upper Mantle Dynamics of Plume-Ridge
Interaction
Garrett Ito and Todd Bianco �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������245
14. Variations in Crustal Thickness, Plate Rigidity, and Volcanic Processes Throughout
the Northern Galápagos Volcanic Province
Eric Mittelstaedt, Adam S� Soule, Karen S� Harpp, and Daniel Fornari ���������������������������������������������������������263
15. Plume-Ridge Interaction in the Galápagos: Perspectives from Wolf, Darwin, and Genovesa Islands
Karen S� Harpp, Karl R� Wirth, Rachel Teasdale, Susanna Blair, Leslie Reed, Jay Barr, Janna Pistiner,
and Daniel Korich ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������285
16. A Preliminary Survey of the Northeast Seamounts, Galápagos Platform
Christopher W� Sinton, Karen S� Harpp, and David M� Christie �������������������������������������������������������������������335
17. Effect of Variations in Magma Supply on the Crustal Structure of Mid-Ocean Ridges:
Insights from the Western Galápagos Spreading Center
Juan Pablo Canales, Robert A� Dunn, Garrett Ito, Robert S� Detrick, and Valentí Sallarès �����������������������������363
18. Helium Isotope Variations and Mantle Plume-Spreading Ridge Interactions Along
the Galápagos Spreading Center
David W� Graham, Barry B� Hanan, John E� Lupton, Kaj Hoernle, Reinhard Werner,
David M� Christie, and John M� Sinton ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������393
Index ..................................................................................................................................................................415
Contributors
Mathilde Adelinet Robert A. Dunn
IFP Énergies nouvelles Department of Geology and Geophysics
University of Hawai‘i, Manoa
Jay Barr
Geology Department Ken L. Ferrier
Colgate University Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences
Harvard University
George Bergantz
Department of Earth and Space Sciences Daniel Fornari
University of Washington Department of Geology and Geophysics
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
Todd Bianco
Jérôme Fortin
Department of Geological Science
Ecole Normale Supérieure and CNRS,
Brown University
UMR. 8538- Laboratoire de Géologie
Susanna Blair
Dennis J. Geist
Geology Department
Department of Geological Sciences
Colgate University
University of Idaho
Department of Geological Sciences
University of Florida
Charlotte Goddard
College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences
Juan Pablo Canales
Oregon State University
Department of Geology and Geophysics
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
David W. Graham
College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences
William W. Chadwick, Jr.
Oregon State University
Hatfield Marine Science Center
Oregon State University
Peter Grant
Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology
Branden Christensen
Princeton University
Geology Department
Colgate University
Paul S. Hall
Department of Earth and Environment
David M. Christie
Boston University
West Coast and Polar Regions Undersea Research
Center
Barry B. Hanan
University of Alaska
Department of Geological Sciences
San Diego State University
Joshua Curtice
Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry Karen S. Harpp
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Geology Department
Colgate University
Benoît Deffontaines
Université de Marne-la-Vallée Kaj Hoernle
Laboratoire GTMC GEOMAR Helmholtz Center for Ocean Research
Robert S. Detrick Garrett Ito
National Ocean and Atmospheric Administration Department of Geology and Geophysics
Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research University of Hawai‘i, Manoa
vii
viii Contributors
Matthew G. Jackson W. Brechner Owens
Department of Earth Sciences Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
UC Santa Barbara
Noémi d’Ozouville
UPMC-Sorbonne Universités and CNRS,
Anne J. Jefferson
UMR. 7619-Sisyphe
Department of Geology
Charles Darwin Foundation
Kent State University
J. Taylor Perron
Kristopher B. Karnauskas
Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
Sciences
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Randal Keynes
The Charles Darwin Trust Janna Pistiner
Geology Department
Alison M. Koleszar Colgate University
College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences
Oregon State University Michael P. Poland
U.S. Geological Survey—Hawaiian Volcano
Daniel Korich Observatory
Geology Department
Colgate University Alexandre Pryet
UPMC-Sorbonne Universités and CNRS,
Mark D. Kurz UMR. 7619-Sisyphe
Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Ricardo Ramalho
Institut für Geophysik
Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität
John E. Lupton
Pacific Marine Environmental Lab
Leslie Reed
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Geology Department
Hatfield Marine Science Center
Colgate University
Patrick Lynett
Willington Rentería
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Marine Sciences Department
University of Southern California
Instituto Oceanográfico de la Armada (INOCAR)
John Lyons
Nathan Rollins
Department of Geological Sciences
Geology Department
University of Idaho
Colgate University
Godfrey Merlen
Scott K. Rowland
Independent Scientific Assessor
Department of Geology and Geophysics
Galápagos Islands, Ecuador
University of Hawai‘i, Mānoa
Eric Mittelstaedt Alberto E. Saal
Department of Geological Sciences Geological Sciences
University of Idaho Brown University
Raghu Murtugudde Melissa Sabga
CMNS-Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Department of Geological Sciences
University of Maryland University of Idaho
Terry Naumann Valentí Sallarés
Geological Sciences Center for Subsurface Imaging
University of Alaska Institute of Marine Sciences