The Functional Roles of Glial Cells in Health and Disease: Dialogue between Glia and Neurons

375 Pages·1999·32.358 MB·English

by  K. R. Jessen, R. Mirsky (auth.), Rebecca Matsas, Marco Tsacopoulos (eds.)

THE FUNCTIONAL ROLES
OF GLIAL CELLS
IN HEALTH AND DISEASE
Dialogue between Glia and Neurons
ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY
Editorial Board:
NATHAN BACK, State University of New York at Buffalo
IRUN R. COHEN, The Weizmann Institute of Science
DAVID KRITCHEVSKY, Wistar Institute
ABEL LAJTHA, N, S, Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research
RODOLFO PAOLETTI, University of Milan
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THE FUNCTIONAL ROLES
OF GLIAL CELLS
IN HEALTH AND DISEASE
Dialogue between Glia and Neurons
Edited by
Rebecca Matsas
Hellenic Pasteur Institute
Athens, Greece
and
Marco Tsacopoulos
University of Geneva Medical School
Geneva, Switzerland
SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, LLC
Library of Congress CataIoging-in-Publication Data
The functional roles of glia! cells in health and disease: dialogue
between glia and neurons/edited by Rebecca Matsas and Marco
Tsacopoulos.
p. cm. - (Advances in experimental medicine and biology; v.
468)
IncJudes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4613-7121-2 ISBN 978-1-4615-4685-6 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-4685-6
1. Neuroglia. 1. Matsas, Rebecca. II. Tsacopoulos, Marco.
III. Series.
QP363.2.F86 1999
611' .0l88-dc21 99-42891
CIP
Proceedings of the 3rd European Meeting on Glia! Cell Function in Health and Disease: Dialogue between Glia
and Neurons, held May 6-10, 1998, in Athens, Greece
ISBN 978-1-4613-7121-2
© 1999 Springer Science+Business Media New York
Originally published by Kluwer Academic I Plenum Publishers New York in 1999
Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover Ist edition 1999
Ali rights reserved
No par! of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieva! system, or transmitted in any form or by any
means, electronic, mechanica!, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission
from the PubJisher
PREFACE
Thirty-five years ago, when Stephen Kuffler and his colleagues at Harvard initiated
a new era of research on the properties and functions of neuroglial cells, very few neuro
scientists were impressed at the time with the hypothesis that neuroglial cells could have
another, though more subtle, role to play in the nervous system than to provide static
support to neurons. Today, very few neuroscientists are unaware of the fact that multiple
interactions between neurons and glial cells have been described, and that they consti
tute the basis for understanding the function and the pathology of the nervous system.
Glial cells outnumber neurons and make up about one-half of the bulk of the
nervous system. They are divided into two major classes: first, the macroglia, which
include astrocytes and oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system, and the Schwann
cells in the peripheral nervous system; and second, the microglial cells. These different
classes of glial cells have different functions and contribute in different ways in the devel
opment, function, and the pathology of the nervous system.
An overview of our present status of knowledge in glial cell biology and pathology
was given by leading neuroscientists at the "3rd European Meeting on Glial Cell Func
tion in Health and Disease: Dialogue between Glia and Neurons" which was held in
Athens, Greece, during 6-10 May 1998. This event was the third of what has now become
an established series of European meetings: the first was held in Heidelberg in 1994, the
second in Arcachon, France in 1996, and the fourth will take place in Spain in the year
2000. The objective of these meetings is to bring together European researchers working
in glial cell biology and pathology and to provide opportunities for sharing results and
resources in this continuously expanding field where European groups are very active.
The focus of the 3rd Meeting was on the function of glial cells in health and disease,
particularly issues concerning the cellular and molecular interactions occurring between
glia and neurons. Much of the data presented in the meeting is covered in this book.
The factors influencing glial cell development in vertebrate and invertebrate
organisms are discussed in Part I. These include, for example, neuronally secreted growth
factors, such as the neurotrophins and neuregulins, as well as intracellular glial transcrip
tion factors that regulate glial cell fate determination, differentiation, and the process of
myelination.
The role of glial cells in neurotransmission, neuromodulation, and neuroprotection
is covered in Part II. In astrocytes for example, evidence points toward their important
role in neurotransmission and neuromodulation. Indeed, solid experimental evidence
reviewed in this book shows that a variety of glutamate receptors and transporters,
present on astrocytes, play an important role in mediating signaling between neurons and
v
vi Preface
astrocytes and in clearing glutamate from the synaptic cleft. The powerful transport func
tion of astrocytes (as well as sub-types of astrocytes, such as the retinal Muller cells and
cerebellar Bergmann cells) helps terminate the post-synaptic action of neurotransmitters
released presynaptically and the replenishment of the neurotransmitter pool. An altera
tion of these two processes could cause severe neuronal dysfunction and neuronal death.
Oligodendrocytes, whose principal function is the myelination ofaxons, also have gluta
mate receptors and this suggests that altering glutamate homeostasis may contribute to
demyelinating diseases in the central nervous system. Moreover, the role of astrocytes as
well as microglial cells, in neuroprotection from oxidative stress is considerable, since
astrocytes provide essential precursors for glutathione and NO synthesis to neurons.
In addition, microglial cells may, under some conditions, release compounds that
affect the inflammatory and immune reactions of the central nervous system (Part III).
A challenging project in modern neuroscience addresses the capacity of the adult
nervous system to change. This capacity is often referred to as neural plasticity, and is
reviewed in Part IV. A current hypothesis proposes that plasticity, and therefore, learning
new skills, is based on changes in synaptic function. This function has not been entirely
elucidated, but provocative information reported in this book suggests that astrocytes,
and possibly oligodendrocytes, contribute to activity-dependent structural plasticity in
the adult brain. Another issue that has long attracted the interest of neuroscientists is the
low regenerative potential of the adult central nervous system of mammals. This is par
ticularly relevant to situations involving traumatic lesions (Part IV). CNS regeneration is
limited both by the low intrinsic regenerative potential of adult CNS neurons and the
inhibitory influences of the glial and extracellular environment. Moreover, incomplete
remyelination, which is one of the main reasons for clinical deficits in demyelinating dis
eases such as multiple sclerosis, is attributed to a depletion of oligodendrocyte progeni
tor cells at the remyelination site.
The use of animal models has long been a powerful tool for understanding the
etiopathology of human diseases. Additionally, the implementation of transgenic mice
with gain or loss of function mutations has contributed enormously to the unraveling
certain key genes involved in human demyelinating diseases and other peripheral neu
ropathies as analyzed in Part V.
Neurotrophins, neuregulins, and adhesion molecules are important for gliogenesis,
migration, and differentiation and constitute slow surface signals in neuron-glial interac
tions. The importance of these molecules in normal and pathological conditions are
discussed in Part VI.
Finally, Part VII deals with connexins and information transfer through glia. Potas
sium ions, Ca++ waves, and various metabolic substrates are transferred through connexin
made gap-junction channels connecting glial cells in many parts of the central and periph
eral nervous systems. This syncytium-like structure is important for the transfer of infor
mation from, for example, one part of the brain to another, or for the evacuation of excess
extracellular K+ that has accumulated in a very active cortical area during a transient
paroxysmal state. The consequences of impaired gap junctional communication in glial
cells and their contribution to pathological conditions are also discussed in this section.
The overall theme concerning The Functional Roles of Glial Cells in Health and
Disease: Dialogue between Glia and Neurons is explored from different directions and
points of view, illustrating our considerable knowledge in this expanding field.
Rebecca Matsas
Marco Tsacopoulos
CONTENTS
Part I. Glial Cell Development
1. Developmental Regulation in the Schwann Cell Lineage 3
K. R. Jessen and R. Mirsky
2. Transcriptional Regulation of the POU Gene Oct-6 in
Schwann Cells .............................................. 13
Wim Mandemakers, Ronald Zwart, Robert Kraay, Gerard Grosveld,
Anneke Graus Martine Jaegle, Ludo Broos, and Dies Meijer
3. Glia Development in the Embryonic CNS of Drosophila . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Christian KHimbt, Kristina Schimmelpfeng, and Thomas Hummel
4. Role and Mechanism of Action of Glial Cell Deficient/Glial Cell Missing
(Glide/gcm), the Fly Glial Promoting Factor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
A. A. Miller, R. Bernardoni, C. Hindelang, M. Kammerer,
S. Sorrentino, V. Van de Bor, and A. Giangrande
Part II. Glia in Neurotransmission, Neuromodulation, and Neuron Survival
5. Expression and Functional Analysis of Glutamate Receptors in
Glial Cells. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Daniele F. Condorelli, Fiorenzo Conti, Vittorio Gallo,
Frank Kirchhoff, Gerald Seifert, Christian Steinhauser,
Alex Verkhratsky, and Xiaoqing Yuan
6. Astrocytes as Active Participants of Glutamatergic Function and
Regulators of Its Homeostasis ................................ 69
Paola Bezzi, Sabino Vesce, Patrizia Panzarasa, and Andrea Volterra
7. Glia-Neuron Interaction by High-Affinity Glutamate Transporters in
Neurotransmission .......................................... 81
Thomas Rauen, Frauke Fischer, and Michael Wiessner
vii
viii Contents
8. On How Altered Glutamate Homeostasis May Contribute to
Demyelinating Diseases of the CNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Carlos Matute, Maria Domercq, David J. Fogarty,
Maria Pascual de Zulueta, and Maria Victoria Sanchez-Gomez
9. Possible Role of Microglial Prostanoids and Free Radicals in
Neuroprotection and Neurodegeneration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Luisa Minghetti, Elisabetta Polazzi, Alessia Nicolini, Anita Greco,
and Giulio Levi
Part III. Glia, Inflammation, and Cytokines
10. The Role of Microglia and Astrocytes in CNS Immune Surveillance
and Immunopathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Francesca Aloisi
11. The Role of Chemokines in the Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis 135
N. Woodroofe, A. K. Cross, K. Harkness, and J. E. Simpson
12. Humoral and Cellular Immune Functions of Cytokine-Treated
Schwann Cells .................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Gisela Wohlleben, Hans-Peter Hartung, and Ralf Gold
13. Axotomy-Induced Glial Reactions in Normal and Cytokine
Transgenic Mice ............................................ 157
B. Finsen, M. B. Jensen, N. D. Lomholt, 1. V. Hegelund,
F. R. Poulsen, and T. Owens
Part IV. Glia in CNS Plasticity and Regeneration
14. Contribution of Astrocytes to Activity-Dependent Structural Plasticity
in the Adult Brain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Dionysia T. Theodosis and Dominique A. Poulain
15. The Role of Oligodendrocytes and Oligodendrocyte Progenitors in
CNS Remyelination ......................................... 183
Hans S. Keirstead and William F. Blakemore
16. Growth Promoting and Inhibitory Effects of Glial Cells in the
Mammalian Nervous System ................................. 199
Sabine Hirsch and Mathias Biihr
17. Neurite Outgrowth Inhibitors in Gliotic Tissue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Manuel Nieto-Sampedro
Part V. Transgenic Models of Human Myelin Diseases
18. Connexin32 in Hereditary Neuropathies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Dirk H. H. Neuberg and Ueli Suter
Contents ix
19. Genetic Analysis of Myelin Galactolipid Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Brian Popko, Jeffrey L. Dupree, Timothy Coetzee, Kinuko Suzuki,
and Kunihiko Suzuki
20. Transgenic Models of TNF Induced Demyelination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Katerina Akassoglou, Jan Bauer, George Kassiotis, Hans Lassmann,
George Kollias, and Lesley Probert
21. Dysmyelination in Mice and the Proteolipid Protein Gene Family 261
L. Dimou, M. Klugmann, H. Werner, M. Jung, I. R. Griffiths,
and K.-A. Nave
Part VI. Neuron-Glial Communicatiou: Neurotrophins and Cell Adhesion Molecules
22. Neurotrophins in Cell SurvivallDeath Decisions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
P. Casaccia-Bonnefil, C. Gu, and M. V. Chao
23. Neuregulin in Neuron/Glial Interactions in the Central Nervous
System: GGF2 Diminishes Autoimmune Demyelination,
Promotes Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Expansion, and
Enhances Remyelination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Mark A. Marchionni, Barbara Cannella, Carolyn Hoban,
Yan-Ling Gao, Renee Garcia-Arenas, Deborah Lawson,
Elizebeth Happel, Florence Noel, Philip Tofilon, David Gwynne,
and Cedric S. Raine
24. Adhesion Molecule Expression and Phenotype of Glial Cells in
the Olfactory Tract .......................................... 297
Susan C. Barnett and Isabelle A. Franceschini
25. Bidirectional Signaling between Neurons and Glial Cells via the
F3 Neuronal Adhesion Molecule .............................. 309
Jean-Michel Revest, Catherine Faivre-Sarrailh, Melitta Schachner,
and Genevieve Rougon
Part VII. Connexins and Information Transfer through Glia
26. Connexins and Information Transfer through Glia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
Roberto Bruzzone and Christian Giaume
27. Gap Junctions in Glia: Types, Roles, and Plasticity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
David C. Spray, Heather S. Duffy, and Eliana Scemes
28. Metabolic Coupling and the Role Played by Astrocytes in
Energy Distribution and Homeostasis ......................... 361
Jose M. Medina, Christian Giaume, and Arantxa Tabernero
x Contents
29. Consequences of Impaired Gap Junctional Communication in
Glial Cells ................................................. 373
Christian C. G. Naus, Mahmud Bani-Yaghoub, Walter Rushlow,
and John F. Bechberger
List of Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
Index............................................................... 387