The FreeBSD Handbook

650 Pages·1999·4.06 MB·English

by  Jim Mock

FreeBSD Handbook
The FreeBSD Documentation Project
FreeBSDHandbook
byTheFreeBSDDocumentationProject
PublishedFebruary1999
Copyright©1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002byTheFreeBSDDocumentationProject
WelcometoFreeBSD!ThishandbookcoverstheinstallationanddaytodayuseofFreeBSD4.6.2-RELEASE.This
manualisaworkinprogressandistheworkofmanyindividuals.Manysectionsdonotyetexistandsomeofthose
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Table of Contents
Preface.............................................................................................................................................................................i
I.GettingStarted...........................................................................................................................................................i
1Introduction........................................................................................................................................................1
1.1Synopsis.................................................................................................................................................1
1.2WelcometoFreeBSD!...........................................................................................................................1
1.3AbouttheFreeBSDProject...................................................................................................................4
2InstallingFreeBSD.............................................................................................................................................9
2.1Synopsis.................................................................................................................................................9
2.2Pre-installationTasks.............................................................................................................................9
2.3StartingtheInstallation........................................................................................................................15
2.4IntroducingSysinstall..........................................................................................................................24
2.5AllocatingDiskSpace.........................................................................................................................28
2.6ChoosingWhatToInstall....................................................................................................................46
2.7ChoosingYourInstallationMedia.......................................................................................................48
2.8CommittingtotheInstallation.............................................................................................................49
2.9Post-installation...................................................................................................................................50
2.10SupportedHardware..........................................................................................................................87
2.11Troubleshooting.................................................................................................................................87
2.12AdvancedInstallationGuide.............................................................................................................89
2.13PreparingYourOwnInstallationMedia............................................................................................91
3UnixBasics......................................................................................................................................................97
3.1Synopsis...............................................................................................................................................97
3.2Permissions..........................................................................................................................................97
3.3DirectoryStructure..............................................................................................................................98
3.4MountingandUnmountingFilesystems............................................................................................100
3.5Processes............................................................................................................................................102
3.6Daemons,Signals,andKillingProcesses..........................................................................................104
3.7Shells..................................................................................................................................................106
3.8TextEditors........................................................................................................................................107
3.9DevicesandDeviceNodes................................................................................................................108
3.10ForMoreInformation......................................................................................................................109
4InstallingApplications:PackagesandPorts..................................................................................................111
4.1Synopsis.............................................................................................................................................111
4.2OverviewofSoftwareInstallation.....................................................................................................111
4.3FindingYourApplication..................................................................................................................113
4.4UsingthePackagesSystem...............................................................................................................113
4.5UsingthePortsCollection.................................................................................................................115
4.6Post-installationactivities..................................................................................................................120
4.7Troubleshooting.................................................................................................................................121
5TheXWindowSystem..................................................................................................................................128
5.1Synopsis.............................................................................................................................................128
5.2UnderstandingX................................................................................................................................128
5.3InstallingXFree86.............................................................................................................................130
5.4XFree86Configuration......................................................................................................................131
5.5UsingFontsinXFree86.....................................................................................................................134
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5.6TheXDisplayManager.....................................................................................................................136
5.7DesktopEnvironments.......................................................................................................................139
II.SystemAdministration........................................................................................................................................145
6ConfigurationandTuning...............................................................................................................................146
6.1Synopsis.............................................................................................................................................146
6.2InitialConfiguration...........................................................................................................................146
6.3CoreConfiguration............................................................................................................................148
6.4ApplicationConfiguration.................................................................................................................148
6.5StartingServices................................................................................................................................149
6.6VirtualHosts......................................................................................................................................150
6.7ConfigurationFiles............................................................................................................................151
6.8Tuningwithsysctl..............................................................................................................................155
6.9TuningDisks......................................................................................................................................155
6.10TuningKernelLimits.......................................................................................................................158
6.11AddingSwapSpace.........................................................................................................................159
7TheFreeBSDBootingProcess.......................................................................................................................161
7.1Synopsis.............................................................................................................................................161
7.2TheBootingProblem.........................................................................................................................161
7.3TheMBR,andBootStagesOne,Two,andThree............................................................................162
7.4KernelInteractionDuringBoot.........................................................................................................166
7.5Init:ProcessControlInitialization.....................................................................................................166
7.6ShutdownSequence...........................................................................................................................167
8UsersandBasicAccountManagement..........................................................................................................168
8.1Synopsis.............................................................................................................................................168
8.2Introduction........................................................................................................................................168
8.3TheSuperuserAccount......................................................................................................................169
8.4SystemAccounts...............................................................................................................................170
8.5UserAccounts....................................................................................................................................170
8.6ModifyingAccounts..........................................................................................................................170
8.7LimitingUsers...................................................................................................................................175
8.8PersonalizingUsers...........................................................................................................................177
8.9Groups................................................................................................................................................177
9ConfiguringtheFreeBSDKernel...................................................................................................................180
9.1Synopsis.............................................................................................................................................180
9.2WhyBuildaCustomKernel?............................................................................................................180
9.3BuildingandInstallingaCustomKernel..........................................................................................181
9.4TheConfigurationFile.......................................................................................................................183
9.5MakingDeviceNodes.......................................................................................................................194
9.6IfSomethingGoesWrong.................................................................................................................195
10Security.........................................................................................................................................................197
10.1Synopsis...........................................................................................................................................197
10.2Introduction......................................................................................................................................197
10.3SecuringFreeBSD...........................................................................................................................199
10.4DES,MD5,andCrypt.....................................................................................................................205
10.5S/Key...............................................................................................................................................206
10.6Kerberos...........................................................................................................................................211
10.7Firewalls...........................................................................................................................................218
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10.8OpenSSL..........................................................................................................................................227
10.9IPsec.................................................................................................................................................227
10.10OpenSSH.......................................................................................................................................232
11Printing.........................................................................................................................................................237
11.1Synopsis...........................................................................................................................................237
11.2Introduction......................................................................................................................................237
11.3BasicSetup......................................................................................................................................238
11.4AdvancedPrinterSetup...................................................................................................................250
11.5UsingPrinters..................................................................................................................................278
11.6AlternativestotheStandardSpooler...............................................................................................285
11.7Troubleshooting...............................................................................................................................285
12Storage..........................................................................................................................................................289
12.1Synopsis...........................................................................................................................................289
12.2DeviceNames..................................................................................................................................289
12.3AddingDisks...................................................................................................................................289
12.4Network,Memory,andFile-BasedFilesystems..............................................................................292
12.5FilesystemSnapshots.......................................................................................................................293
12.6FilesystemQuotas............................................................................................................................294
12.7CreatingandUsingOpticalMedia(CDs&DVDs)........................................................................297
12.8RAID................................................................................................................................................301
12.9TapeBackupMedia.........................................................................................................................304
12.10BackupPrograms...........................................................................................................................307
12.11Floppydisks...................................................................................................................................314
12.12BackupstoFloppies.......................................................................................................................315
13TheVinumVolumeManager.......................................................................................................................317
13.1Synopsis...........................................................................................................................................317
13.2Disksaretoosmall...........................................................................................................................317
13.3Accessbottlenecks...........................................................................................................................317
13.4Dataintegrity...................................................................................................................................319
13.5Vinumobjects..................................................................................................................................320
13.6Someexamples................................................................................................................................322
13.7Objectnaming..................................................................................................................................328
13.8ConfiguringVinum..........................................................................................................................331
14Localization-I18N/L10NUsageandSetup................................................................................................333
14.1Synopsis...........................................................................................................................................333
14.2TheBasics........................................................................................................................................333
14.3UsingLocalization...........................................................................................................................334
14.4CompilingI18NPrograms...............................................................................................................340
14.5LocalizingFreeBSDtoSpecificLanguages....................................................................................340
15Multimedia...................................................................................................................................................344
15.1Synopsis...........................................................................................................................................344
15.2SettingUpTheSoundCard.............................................................................................................344
15.3MP3Audio.......................................................................................................................................348
15.4VideoPlayback................................................................................................................................351
16SerialCommunications................................................................................................................................360
16.1Synopsis...........................................................................................................................................360
16.2Introduction......................................................................................................................................360
16.3Terminals.........................................................................................................................................364
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16.4Dial-inService.................................................................................................................................369
16.5Dial-outService...............................................................................................................................376
16.6SettingUptheSerialConsole..........................................................................................................379
17PPPandSLIP...............................................................................................................................................388
17.1Synopsis...........................................................................................................................................388
17.2UsingUserPPP................................................................................................................................388
17.3UsingKernelPPP............................................................................................................................403
17.4UsingPPPoverEthernet(PPPoE)..................................................................................................410
17.5UsingPPPoverATM(PPPoA).......................................................................................................412
17.6UsingSLIP.......................................................................................................................................415
18AdvancedNetworking..................................................................................................................................425
18.1Synopsis...........................................................................................................................................425
18.2GatewaysandRoutes.......................................................................................................................425
18.3Bridging...........................................................................................................................................429
18.4NFS..................................................................................................................................................431
18.5DisklessOperation...........................................................................................................................436
18.6ISDN................................................................................................................................................442
18.7NIS/YP.............................................................................................................................................446
18.8DHCP...............................................................................................................................................461
18.9DNS.................................................................................................................................................465
18.10NTP................................................................................................................................................477
18.11NetworkAddressTranslation........................................................................................................480
18.12inetd“Super-Server”......................................................................................................................483
18.13ParallelLineIP(PLIP)..................................................................................................................487
19ElectronicMail.............................................................................................................................................490
19.1Synopsis...........................................................................................................................................490
19.2UsingElectronicMail......................................................................................................................490
19.3sendmailConfiguration...................................................................................................................491
19.4ChangingyourMailTransferAgent................................................................................................494
19.5Troubleshooting...............................................................................................................................496
19.6AdvancedTopics..............................................................................................................................499
20TheCuttingEdge.........................................................................................................................................502
20.1Synopsis...........................................................................................................................................502
20.2FreeBSD-CURRENTvs.FreeBSD-STABLE.................................................................................502
20.3SynchronizingYourSource.............................................................................................................506
20.4Usingmake world.........................................................................................................................507
20.5Trackingformultiplemachines.......................................................................................................520
21LinuxBinaryCompatibility.........................................................................................................................522
21.1Synopsis...........................................................................................................................................522
21.2Installation.......................................................................................................................................522
21.3InstallingMathematica....................................................................................................................525
21.4InstallingMaple...............................................................................................................................527
21.5InstallingOracle...............................................................................................................................529
21.6InstallingSAPR/3...........................................................................................................................532
21.7AdvancedTopics..............................................................................................................................553
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III.Appendices..........................................................................................................................................................555
A.ObtainingFreeBSD......................................................................................................................................556
A.1CDROMPublishers..........................................................................................................................556
A.2DVDPublishers................................................................................................................................557
A.3FTPSites...........................................................................................................................................558
A.4AnonymousCVS..............................................................................................................................564
A.5UsingCTM.......................................................................................................................................567
A.6UsingCVSup....................................................................................................................................571
A.7CVSTags..........................................................................................................................................588
A.8AFSSites..........................................................................................................................................591
A.9rsyncsites..........................................................................................................................................591
B.Bibliography.................................................................................................................................................593
B.1Books&MagazinesSpecifictoFreeBSD........................................................................................593
B.2Users’Guides....................................................................................................................................593
B.3Administrators’Guides.....................................................................................................................594
B.4Programmers’Guides.......................................................................................................................594
B.5OperatingSystemInternals...............................................................................................................595
B.6SecurityReference............................................................................................................................595
B.7HardwareReference..........................................................................................................................596
B.8UnixHistory......................................................................................................................................596
B.9MagazinesandJournals....................................................................................................................597
C.ResourcesontheInternet.............................................................................................................................598
C.1MailingLists.....................................................................................................................................598
C.2UsenetNewsgroups...........................................................................................................................609
C.3WorldWideWebServers..................................................................................................................610
C.4EmailAddresses................................................................................................................................612
C.5ShellAccounts..................................................................................................................................612
D.PGPKeys......................................................................................................................................................614
D.1Officers..............................................................................................................................................614
D.2CoreTeamMembers.........................................................................................................................614
D.3Developers........................................................................................................................................615
Colophon....................................................................................................................................................................634
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List of Tables
2-1.SampleDeviceInventory.........................................................................................................................................9
2-2.DiskDeviceCodes................................................................................................................................................33
2-3.PartitionLayoutforFirstDisk...............................................................................................................................39
2-4.PartitionLayoutforSubsequentDisks..................................................................................................................41
2-5.Possiblesecurityprofiles.......................................................................................................................................57
2-6.FreeBSDISOimagenamesandmeanings............................................................................................................92
12-1.PhysicalDiskNamingConventions..................................................................................................................289
13-1.VinumPlexorganizations..................................................................................................................................321
18-1.Wiringaparallelcablefornetworking..............................................................................................................488
List of Figures
2-1.KernelConfigurationMenu...................................................................................................................................18
2-2.TheKernelDeviceConfigurationVisualInterface...............................................................................................19
2-3.ExpandedDriverList.............................................................................................................................................19
2-4.DriverConfigurationWithNoConflicts...............................................................................................................21
2-5.SysinstallMainMenu............................................................................................................................................21
2-6.TypicalDeviceProbeResults................................................................................................................................22
2-7.SelectSysinstallExit.............................................................................................................................................23
2-8.SelectingUsageFromSysinstallMainMenu.......................................................................................................24
2-9.SelectingDocumentationMenu............................................................................................................................24
2-10.SysinstallDocumentationMenu..........................................................................................................................25
2-11.SysinstallMainMenu..........................................................................................................................................25
2-12.SysinstallKeymapMenu.....................................................................................................................................26
2-13.SysinstallMainMenu..........................................................................................................................................26
2-14.SysinstallOptions................................................................................................................................................27
2-15.BeginStandardInstallation.................................................................................................................................27
2-16.SelectDriveforFDisk.........................................................................................................................................36
2-17.TypicalFdiskPartitionsBeforeEditing..............................................................................................................37
2-18.FdiskPartitionUsingEntireDisk........................................................................................................................37
2-19.SysinstallBootManagerMenu...........................................................................................................................38
2-20.ExitSelectDrive..................................................................................................................................................39
2-21.SysinstallDisklabelEditor..................................................................................................................................42
2-22.SysinstallDisklabelEditorWithAutoDefaults..................................................................................................43
2-23.FreeSpaceForRootPartition..............................................................................................................................44
2-24.EditRootPartitionSize.......................................................................................................................................44
2-25.ChooseTheRootPartitionType..........................................................................................................................44
2-26.ChooseTheRootMountPoint............................................................................................................................45
2-27.SysinstallDisklabelEditor..................................................................................................................................45
2-28.ChooseDistributions...........................................................................................................................................46
2-29.ConfirmDistributions..........................................................................................................................................47
2-30.ChooseInstallationMedia...................................................................................................................................48
2-31.SelectingAnEthernetDevice..............................................................................................................................51
2-32.SetNetworkConfigurationFored0.....................................................................................................................51
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2-33.Editinginetd.conf...........................................................................................................................................54
2-34.DefaultAnonymousFTPConfiguration..............................................................................................................54
2-35.EditTheFTPWelcomeMessage........................................................................................................................55
2-36.Editingexports.................................................................................................................................................56
2-37.SecurityProfileOptions.......................................................................................................................................58
2-38.SystemConsoleConfigurationOptions..............................................................................................................59
2-39.ScreenSaverOptions...........................................................................................................................................60
2-40.ScreenSaverTimeout..........................................................................................................................................60
2-41.SystemConsoleConfigurationExit....................................................................................................................61
2-42.SelectYourRegion..............................................................................................................................................62
2-43.SelectYourCountry.............................................................................................................................................62
2-44.SelectYourTimeZone........................................................................................................................................63
2-45.SelectMouseProtocolType................................................................................................................................64
2-46.SetMouseProtocol..............................................................................................................................................64
2-47.ConfigureMousePort..........................................................................................................................................65
2-48.SettingTheMousePort.......................................................................................................................................65
2-49.EnableTheMouseDaemon................................................................................................................................66
2-50.TestTheMouseDaemon.....................................................................................................................................66
2-51.SelectConfigurationMethodMenu....................................................................................................................67
2-52.SelectDefaultDesktop........................................................................................................................................76
2-53.SelectPackageCategory......................................................................................................................................77
2-54.SelectPackages....................................................................................................................................................78
2-55.InstallPackages...................................................................................................................................................79
2-56.ConfirmPackageInstallation...............................................................................................................................79
2-57.SelectUser...........................................................................................................................................................80
2-58.AddUserInformation..........................................................................................................................................80
2-59.ExitUserandGroupManagement......................................................................................................................82
2-60.ExitInstall............................................................................................................................................................83
13-1.Concatenatedorganization................................................................................................................................318
13-2.Stripedorganization...........................................................................................................................................318
13-3.RAID-5organization.........................................................................................................................................319
13-4.AsimpleVinumvolume....................................................................................................................................323
13-5.AmirroredVinumvolume................................................................................................................................324
13-6.AstripedVinumvolume....................................................................................................................................326
13-7.Amirrored,stripedVinumvolume....................................................................................................................328
List of Examples
2-1.Usinganexistingpartitionunchanged..................................................................................................................11
2-2.Shrinkinganexistingpartition..............................................................................................................................11
2-3.SampleDisk,Slice,andPartitionNames..............................................................................................................34
2-4.ConceptualModelofaDisk..................................................................................................................................34
4-1.DownloadingaPackageandthenInstallingItLocally.......................................................................................113
6-1.CreatingaSwapfile..............................................................................................................................................159
7-1.boot0Screenshot................................................................................................................................................162
7-2.boot2Screenshot................................................................................................................................................163
7-3.AnInsecureConsolein/etc/ttys...................................................................................................................167
ix
8-1.Configuringadduser..........................................................................................................................................171
8-2.rmuserInteractiveAccountRemoval................................................................................................................173
8-3.InteractivechpassbySuperuser........................................................................................................................173
8-4.InteractivechpassbyNormalUser...................................................................................................................173
8-5.ChangingYourPassword.....................................................................................................................................174
8-6.ChangingAnotherUser’sPasswordastheSuperuser.........................................................................................174
8-7.AddingaGroupUsingpw(8)..............................................................................................................................178
8-8.AddingSomebodytoaGroupUsingpw(8)........................................................................................................178
8-9.Usingid(1)toDetermineGroupMembership....................................................................................................178
10-1.UsingSSHtocreateasecuretunnelforSMTP.................................................................................................235
12-1.UsingvnconfigtomountanExistingFilesystemImage...................................................................................292
12-2.CreatingaNewFile-BackedDiskwithvnconfig..............................................................................................292
12-3.mdMemoryDisk...............................................................................................................................................292
12-4.Usingrdumpoverssh.......................................................................................................................................308
12-5.AScriptforCreatingaBootableFloppy...........................................................................................................310
16-1.AddingTerminalEntriesto/etc/ttys...........................................................................................................366
18-1.MountinganExportwithamd..........................................................................................................................435
18-2.BranchOfficeorHomeNetwork.......................................................................................................................444
18-3.HeadOfficeorOtherLAN................................................................................................................................445
18-4.SendinginetdaHangUPSignal........................................................................................................................485
19-1.ConfiguringthesendmailAccessDatabase......................................................................................................492
19-2.MailAliases.......................................................................................................................................................492
19-3.ExampleVirtualDomainMailMap..................................................................................................................493
A-1.CheckingOutSomethingfrom-CURRENT(ls(1))andDeletingItAgain:......................................................566
A-2.CheckingOuttheVersionofls(1)inthe3.X-STABLEBranch:........................................................................566
A-3.CreatingaListofChanges(asunifieddiffs)tols(1)..........................................................................................566
A-4.FindingOutWhatOtherModuleNamesCanBeUsed:....................................................................................566
x