The Fragility of the 'failed State' Paradigm: A Different International Law Perception of the Absence of Effective Government

275 Pages·2009·4.334 MB·English

by  Neyire Akpinarli

The Fragility of the ‘Failed State’ Paradigm
Neyire Akpinarli - 978-90-47-44048-2
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Developments
in International Law
VOLUME63
Neyire Akpinarli - 978-90-47-44048-2
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The Fragility of the
‘Failed State’ Paradigm
A Different International Law Perception
of the Absence of Effective Government
By
Neyire Akpınarlı
LEIDEN•BOSTON
2010
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Thisbookisprintedonacid-freepaper.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Akpinarli,Neyire.
Thefragilityofthe'failedstate'paradigm:adifferentinternationallawperceptionofthe
absenceofeffectivegovernment/byNeyireAkpinarli.
p.cm.–(Developmentsininternationallaw:v.63)
Includesbibliographicalreferences.
ISBN978-90-04-17812-0(hardback:alk.paper)
1.Failedstates.I.Title.
KZ4029.A372009
341.5'84–dc22
2009030265
ISSN 0924-5332
ISBN 9789004178120
Copyright2010byKoninklijkeBrillNV,Leiden,TheNetherlands.
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Contents
Acknowledgements.......................................................... ix
AbbreviationsandAcronyms ............................................... xi
Introduction ................................................................. 1
ChapterOne.TheAppearanceandFeaturesoftheAbsenceofEffective
Government............................................................... 5
TheStateinPublicInternationalLaw.................................... 6
Government............................................................ 7
DefinitionofGovernmentinanExistingState ....................... 8
TheEffectivenessofGovernment...................................... 9
TheAbsenceofEffectiveGovernmentwithinaStateTerritory ......... 11
TheCollapseofStateInstitutions...................................... 11
TheAbsenceofLawandOrder........................................ 14
‘InternalArmedConflict’withaTrans-borderDimension .......... 17
ConflictintheCaseoftheAbsenceofEffectiveGovernment..... 17
ThePlaceofInternalConflictinInternationalLaw................ 19
HumanCasualities..................................................... 21
ExternalAspectsofStatehood............................................ 23
AbsenceofCentralandDe-centralOrgans ........................... 24
ImpactonBilateralDiplomaticRelations .......................... 24
ImpactonRepresentationinInter-stateFora ...................... 26
AbsenceoftheAbilitytoExerciseRightsandDutiesunder
InternationalLaw ................................................... 26
LackofCapacitytoExerciseRights ................................ 27
TheLackofCapacitytoFullDuties ................................ 28
ComplicationsoftheAbsenceofEffectiveGovernmentforthe
PeopleandtheTerritory ............................................... 29
ChapterTwo.CaseStudies .................................................. 31
Somalia.................................................................... 32
ARichTradeCentre ................................................... 32
TheColonialEra ....................................................... 33
TheColdWorldPeriod ................................................ 34
ReflectionofWorldEconomicPolicy ................................. 37
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vi Contents
ResponseoftheInternationalCommunity ........................... 37
ThePost-UNOSOMSituation......................................... 47
Afghanistan:From‘BufferState’to‘theAbsenceofEffective
Government’ ........................................................... 50
HistoricalandPoliticalBackground................................... 51
TheStateStructureofAfghanistan .................................... 54
TheEffortsoftheInternationalCommunity.......................... 58
ChapterThree.InternalReflectionoftheWorldHistoricalContext....... 71
Colonialism ............................................................... 71
ArbitraryBoundaries .................................................. 72
DestructionofTraditionalSystems.................................... 74
EconomicDestruction................................................. 76
TheColdWar ............................................................. 78
ObstructionofPolitical,Economic,andSocialDevelopment........ 79
TheHandicappingoftheUnitedNations ............................. 81
TheWorldOrderintheAgeofGlobalisation............................ 83
PoliticalImpactsoftheEndoftheColdWar ......................... 83
TheWorldEconomicProcess.......................................... 85
TheDevelopmentofInternationalLaw ............................... 85
ChapterFour.DeterminingtheAbsenceofEffectiveGovernmentin
PublicInternationalLaw ................................................. 87
TheNotionofthe‘FailedState’—StigmatisationofStates............... 88
TheState’sRighttoHonourandtheEqualSovereigntyofStates..... 89
RejectionoftheUseoftheNotionoftheFailedState ................ 91
OverviewoftheContentoftheConceptofthe‘failedstate’ ............ 91
StressingDefectsandIgnoringCauses................................ 91
TheInternationalCommunityastheMainActor .................... 92
TheDubiousClaimofNovelty ........................................ 93
TheArbitraryLabellingof`FailedStates`............................. 94
ThePossibilityofaGeneralDefinition................................... 95
Definitions ............................................................. 96
DifferentDefinitionsoftheAbsenceofEffectiveGovernment....... 97
ChapterFive.InternationalLegalSubjectivity.............................. 105
TheSubjectivityofStates ................................................. 105
StatesDealingwiththeAbsenceofEffectiveGovernment ........... 106
StateSubjectivitythroughContinuityandSelf-Determination ...... 108
TheExtinctionofStatesintheAbsenceofEffectiveGovernment ...... 109
ApplyingtheBasicPrinciplesofInternationalLaw...................... 111
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Contents vii
TheSovereigntyandEqualityofStates................................ 112
SovereigntyintheAbsenceofEffectiveGovernment................. 113
Non-InterventionunderArticle/oftheUNCharter.............. 115
RestoringPeaceandSecuritythroughMilitaryIntervention...... 117
InternationalTransitionalAdministration ......................... 119
Non-Force.............................................................. 123
TheRightofSelf-DefenceandtheAbsenceofEffective
Government ...................................................... 123
TeleologicalInterpretationofNon-forceinHumanitarian
Interventions ..................................................... 132
TheRightofSelf-Determination ...................................... 134
TheRightofSecessionintheAbsenceofEffectiveGovernment.. 135
TheJustificationofMilitaryInterventiontoProtectInternal
Self-Determination............................................... 142
ChapterSix.HandlingtheLegalComplicationsoftheAbsenceof
EffectiveGovernment..................................................... 145
ChapterSeven.TheHypocriticalApproachoftheNorthtoSolvingthe
AbsenceofEffectiveGovernment:StateReconstruction................ 149
InternationalInvolvementfromTechnicalAssistanceto
InternationalTransitionalAdministration............................ 150
InternationalTransitionalAdministration............................... 152
TheDefinitionandContentofInternationalTransitional
AdministrationinCasesoftheAbsenceofEffectiveGovernment 153
AdequacyofInternationalTransitionalAdministrationasa
SolutiontotheAbsenceofEffectiveGovernment ................. 156
PracticalImpossibility ................................................. 156
ParadigmsofStateReconstruction....................................... 157
StateBuildingandNationBuilding ................................... 158
TheConceptofStateReconstruction............................... 158
TheConceptoftheNation-State.................................... 159
PoliticalIssues....................................................... 160
AdministrativeStructure............................................ 164
EconomicIssues..................................................... 165
Security.............................................................. 167
ChapterEight.TheHypocriticalApproachoftheNorthtoSolvingthe
AbsenceofEffectiveGovernment:TheEconomicandSocial
AppraochasaLongTermSolution ...................................... 171
EconomicandSocialProblemsandInternationalPeace................ 172
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viii Contents
IncreasingPovertyandtheWideningGapbetweenNorthand
South ................................................................ 172
TheLinkbetweenEconomicandSocialIssuesandInternational
Peace................................................................. 173
TheLegalBasisoftheEconomicandSocialApproach.................. 175
TheLegalBasisandNormativeFunctionoftheEconomicand
SocialApproach..................................................... 177
Actors................................................................... 178
LegallyBindingForce.................................................. 179
EffortsoftheInternationalCommunity ................................. 179
FormandTrendsofInternationalLaw................................... 180
TheStructureofInternationalEconomicLaw ........................ 180
EqualOpportuniyforFreeTradeamongStatesintheNorth ..... 181
TheOpenDoorPolicy .............................................. 184
DevelopmentPolicyasanInstrumentoftheOpenDoorPolicy..... 191
InternationalOrganisations ........................................... 192
TheEstablishmentoftheInternationalOrganisations............. 193
TheCompositionoftheOrgansoftheInternational
Organisations..................................................... 194
TheLaw-MakingPoweroftheInternationalOrganisations....... 196
LimitedResponsibilityandAccountability......................... 197
DifferentApplicationoftheConceptofSovereigntyintheNorth
andSouth ........................................................... 198
LegitimisationofEconomic,Social,andPoliticalIntervention
throughInternationalLaw....................................... 199
HypocriticalApproachtoSovereignty ............................. 200
ContradictionbetweentheDemandsoftheSouthandtheModelof
theNorth .............................................................. 201
DuringtheColdWar .................................................. 201
Betweenand............................................. 201
Betweenand............................................. 208
AftertheColdWar..................................................... 218
SustainableDevelopmentandtheDemandsoftheSouth......... 218
TheModeloftheNorth—TheWashingtonConsensus............ 221
Conclusion................................................................... 229
Bibliography ................................................................. 237
Index ......................................................................... 263
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Acknowledgements
ThisworkontheabsenceofeffectivegovernmentwasacceptedasaPhDthesis
bytheUniversityofBremeninthesummerof.Thesubjectisoneofthe
most complex and important issues in international law, and the attempt to
presenttheissueinasecondforeignlanguagecompoundedthedifficulty.Iam
gratefultomanypeoplefortheirassistancethroughouttheprocessandwould
liketostressthatanymistakesaremyown.
IfIlearnedhowtothinkintheareaofinternationallaw,itismostlythanks
tomytwosupervisors.Iwouldaboveallliketothankmyfirstsupervisor,Prof.
Dr. Thomas Giegerich. I regarded writing my thesis under his supervision as
aprivilegeinmanyways.Ireceivedendlesssupportandknowledgefromhim
andamgratefultohimforeverything.
I am also most grateful for the supervision of Prof. Dr. Gerd Winter, my
second supervisor, with whom I also worked earlier. After my study of law
inattheUniversityofBremen,heunhesitatinglysupportedmyseminar
workandmaster’sthesisovermanyyears.
MeetingWendyHammondwhileworkingonthewritingbroughtmegreat
happiness,notonlybecauseofhervaluedassistanceineditingandthenuances
of English but also because of her knowledge of and experience in different
partsoftheworld.Herencouragement,energy,andenthusiasmwassoempow-
eringthatIdonotknowhowtoacknowledgeheradequately.
AsinequanonforwritingaPhDthesisisthecontinuityoftheworkwithout
having to worry about funds. I am very thankful to the Friedrich Naumann
Foundation,whichsupportedmegenerouslybetweenand.
BeingabletoworkatthelibraryoftheMaxPlanckInstituteforComparative
PublicLawandInternationalLawwhilewritingmythesiswasagreatprivilege.
I would like to express particular gratitude to the staff at the library for their
assistanceandefficiency.
AlthoughIstartedthisthesisinthesummerof,thewritingwasactually
thelaststationonalongjourneyinGermany.Manypeoplehelpedmakethis
journey a pleasure. The first are my parents and my sister, Akgül Akpınarlı,
who during my first year away from home sent letters, books, pocket money,
and moral support when I was in a foreign country with no knowledge of
thelanguage.Iamgratefultoherforsupportingmespirituallyandmaterially
whenever I have needed her help. I am also thankful to my cousin, Süheyla
Kaya,andherfamily,whomademefeelathomeinGermany.HansScheulen
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x Acknowledgements
hashadaspecialplaceinmylifethere,makingmanythingseasierandpushing
meforward.IwouldalsoliketoexpressmygratitudetoReinhartWolf,Richard
Ortiz-Ortiz,andCarmenTimaru,otherswhohavesharedthistimewithme.
I dedicate the work to my mother, who suffered most from my move to
Germany,and to my friend Ozan Zafer Ekin, who passed out ofour circlein
andisstillthemostimportantpersonlightingmyway.
Berlin,January
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