Table Of ContentThe Fourth Gospel and the Scriptures
Supplements
to
Novum Testamentum
Executive Editors
M.M. Mitchell
Chicago
D.P. Moessner
Dubuque
Editorial Board
L. Alexander, Sheffield – H.W. Attridge, New Haven
F. Bovon, Cambridge MA – C. Breytenbach, Berlin
J.K. Elliott, Leeds – C.R. Holladay, Atlanta
M.J.J. Menken, Tilburg – J.C. Thom, Stellenbosch
P. Trebilco, Dunedin
VOLUME 144
The titles published in this series are listed at brill.nl/nts
The Fourth Gospel and the Scriptures
illuminating the Form and Meaning
of Scriptural Citation in John 19:37
by
Wm. Randolph Bynum
LEiDEN • BOSTON
2012
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Bynum, Wm. Randolph.
The Fourth Gospel and the Scriptures : illuminating the form and meaning of scriptural citation
in John 19:37 / by Wm. Randolph Bynum.
p. cm. — (Supplements to Novum Testamentum, iSSN 0167-9732 ; v. 144)
includes bibliographical references and index.
iSBN 978-90-04-22843-6 (hardback : alk. paper) — iSBN 978-90-04-22914-3 (e-book) 1. Bible.
N.T. John XiX, 37—Criticism, interpretation, etc. 2. Bible. N.T. John—Relation to Zechariah.
3. Bible. O.T. Zechariah—Quotations in John. 4. Bible. O.T. Zechariah Xii, 10—Criticism,
interpretation, etc. i. Title.
BS2615.52.B96 2012
226.5’06—dc23
2012010506
This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters
covering Latin, iPA, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the
humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.nl/brill-typeface.
iSSN 0167-9732
iSBN 978 90 04 22843 6 (hardback)
iSBN 978 90 04 22914 3 (e-book)
Copyright 2012 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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To my wife Kathy and all my family,
to Dwight D. Swanson and George J. Brooke
CONTENTS
Abbreviations ................................................................................................... xi
i. introduction ............................................................................................... 1
John, LXX, and MT ................................................................................... 1
Major Theories for the Citation of Zechariah 12:10
in John 19:37 .......................................................................................... 2
An independent Non-Septuagint Rendering .............................. 2
A Forceful Accommodation ............................................................. 2
Another Version such as Theodoret or Theodotion ................. 2
An Edited or Corrected Version of the Old Greek .................... 3
A Testimonia Source ........................................................................... 3
A Standard Christian Version .......................................................... 4
Affinities with Hebrew ...................................................................... 4
The Possibility of R ............................................................................. 4
Purpose of this Study .............................................................................. 5
John and R ................................................................................................. 6
Methodology ............................................................................................. 6
ii. Life Setting of the Fourth Gospel ....................................................... 7
Dating .......................................................................................................... 7
The Birkat ha-Minim and the Centrality of Torah ......................... 8
The Johannine Community and Controversy with Judaism ...... 10
The Audience and Purpose of the Fourth Gospel ......................... 12
Conclusion ................................................................................................. 15
iii. John’s Use of the Jewish Scriptures ................................................... 17
Proclamation of Christ .......................................................................... 17
From Signs to Passion ............................................................................ 18
John Follows Contemporary Practice in Citing the Scriptures 19
Specific Scriptures Used in the Johannine Passion Narrative ... 22
intertextuality ........................................................................................... 23
Conclusion ................................................................................................... 25
viii contents
iV. The Textual History of Zechariah ....................................................... 27
introductory Matters .............................................................................. 27
Zecharah 1–8 ......................................................................................... 27
Zechariah 9–14 ..................................................................................... 28
Unity of Zechariah .............................................................................. 28
Zechariah and the Book of the Twelve ........................................ 30
The Hebrew Text of Zechariah ............................................................ 32
An Urtext for Zechariah? .................................................................. 32
Standardisation of the Hebrew Text ............................................. 34
Extant Textual Evidence ................................................................... 37
The Greek Text of Zechariah ............................................................... 44
The Greek Translation of the Book of the Twelve .................... 44
Earliest Extant Textual Evidence for the Twelve: 8ḤevXiigr 53
Conclusion ................................................................................................. 56
V. A Text-Critical Review of Zechariah 12:10 ........................................ 59
Goal of the Text-Critical Exercise ....................................................... 59
lxx Translation Technique in Zechariah ......................................... 65
Defining Translation Technique .................................................... 65
The importance of Translation Technique ................................. 65
Septuagint Faithfulness ..................................................................... 66
Translation of תואבצ by παντοκράτωρ ........................................... 68
An Analysis of Hapax Legomena in the Twelve ....................... 69
“Evasive Renderings” or “Pseudo-Variants” ................................. 70
Distinct Vorlage, “Mistranslation,” or a “Wrongly Read” Text 70
Translation Technique of Zechariah Twelve ............................. 71
Translation of the Hebrew Verb רקד in Zechariah .................. 72
Summary of Translation Technique ............................................. 73
Text-Critical issues Regarding Zechariah 12:10 ............................... 73
Verb וּטבִּהִוְ—“And they will look” .................................................. 74
Preposition ילא—“To . . .” ................................................................... 77
Particle תא—Sign of the Direct Object ........................................ 91
Comparing רשׁא תא and ἀνθ᾽ ὧν ..................................................... 93
Verb ורקד—“They pierced” .............................................................. 97
Conclusion ................................................................................................. 107
contents ix
Vi. John’s Scriptural Citations ................................................................... 111
introduction ............................................................................................. 111
Verbatim lxx Citations ......................................................................... 112
John and the lxx ............................................................................... 113
Confluence of John, lxx, and mt Tradition in Verbatim
Citations ......................................................................................... 115
John and the Hebrew ...................................................................... 116
Agreement of John with lxx in Contrast to mt ...................... 118
Conclusion .......................................................................................... 118
Quotation with Minimal Variance from lxx .................................. 119
Compressed Language from immediate Context ................... 120
Key-word insertion ........................................................................... 120
John’s Editorial and Exegetical Activity ..................................... 123
Relevance of Hexapla Fragments ................................................. 125
Conclusion .......................................................................................... 126
lxx Quotation with Multiple Word Variation ............................... 127
Possible Citation of an Alternative Text .......................................... 128
Hexapla Fragments for Zechariah 9:9 ........................................ 131
Possible Citation of an Alternative Textual Tradition .......... 132
Testimonia Collections .................................................................... 133
John and the Twelve ........................................................................ 136
Conclusion ................................................................................................ 136
Vii. Textual Tradition Used for the Citation of Zechariah 12:10
in John 19:37 ............................................................................................. 139
The Text of John 19:37 Compared to Hebrew Textual
Traditions ............................................................................................. 139
A Retroversion of John 19:37 ........................................................... 140
Comparison of John 19:37 with Greek Textual Evidence and
other Ancient Versions .................................................................... 147
The Relationship of John 19:37 to Other NT References ....... 147
Second-Century c.e. Revisions ...................................................... 151
Other Ancient Textual Evidence .................................................. 152
Comparison of John’s Citation with R ........................................ 153
Major Theories for John 19:37 Considered in Relationship to R .. 156
An independent Non-Septuagint Rendering ............................ 157
A Forceful Accommodation .......................................................... 157
Another Version such as Theodoret or Theodotion .............. 158
