The four cardinal virtues: Prudence, Justice, Fortitude, Temperance

228 Pages·1965·10.486 MB·English

by  Josef Pieper

^.! f, ''*'':^fi&;il;^'YMV';
:"ta?
.Iif....ilt'I(
JOSEF PIEPER
THE FOUR
CARDINAL
VIRTUES
Prudence., justice,
Fortitude, Temperance
Characteristic of all the writings o Josef
Pieper is his ability to discuss the Christian
virtues in a way which is atonce abstract and
concrete, theoretical and practical. The argu-
mentofthismodernThomist appears tomove
witheffortless ease anduntroubled lucidity on
the highest plane ofabstraction. Yet from this
altitude he throws a brilliant light upon the
problems,personal, social, andpolitical,which
none of us in ourdaily lives can escape.
This volume brings together, in revised
formandwithanewiuUeduction,Di.Pieper's
four studies of the cardinalvirtues, previously
published in separate volumes. Prudence, Jus-
tia Fortitude, and Temperance were con-
,
sidered by T~fiert rnd Chiiat"an philosophy
as basic to right conduct. Dr. Pieper redefines
the original significance of these virtues and
their i uerreladon, and brings them close to
readers today.
Translated by Richard and Clara Winston,
LawrenceE. Lynch, andDanielF. Coogan
JACKETDESIGNBYELLENRASKIN
A HELEN AND KURT WOLFF BOOK
HARCOURT, BRACE WORLD, INC.
fe
757 THIRD AVE^Tii, NEW YORK, N T <)Ol7
n
DDD1 03cIB7i fi
P6lf
21H
Kansas
city public library
~~~== .31 Kansas city, missouri
Books will be issued only
on presentation of library card.
Please report lost cards
change of residence promptly.
Card holders are responsible for
all books, records, films, pictures
or other library materials
checked out on their cards.

AHelenandKurtWolffBook
Harcourt,Brace& World,Inc.,NewYork
The Four Cardinal Virtues
PRUDENCE
JUSTICE
FORTITUDE
TEMPERANCE
PIEPER
JOSEF
Copyright1954, 1955,1959byPantheonBooksInc.
Copyright 1965byHarcourt,Brace&World,Inc.
Allrights reserved.
LibraryofCongressCatalogCardNumber:65-14713
FIRSTEDITION
The studies united here in one volume were published sepa-
ratelyinthis sequence:
Fortitudeand Temperunce 1954
Jttstice 1955
Prudence 1959
First published in Germany under the titles, Vom Sinn der
Tapferkeit, Zuchtund Mass, Uber die Gerechtigkeit, Traktat
iiber die Klugbeit, by Kosel-Verlag. The present edition was
editedbytheauthorandslightlycuttoavoidrepetitions;notes
andsource references havebeen deleted. All quotations in the
textare taken from worksofThomas Aquinas,unlessthe au-
thoris otherwise identified.
PrudenceisatranslationofTraktatiiberdieKlugheit,andwas
translated byRichard and Clara Winston.
JusticeisatranslationofUberdieGerechtigkeit,andwastrans-
latedbyLawrenceE. Lynch.
Fortitudeisatranslationof VomSinnderTapferkeit, andwas
translated byDaniel F. Coogan.
TemperanceisatranslationofZuchtundMass,andwastrans-
lated byDanielF. Coogan.
To the memory ofmy son
THOMAS PIEPER
who,asayoungscientist, 'went
totheUnitedStatesinSeptember1963,
andsuddenlydiedthereon
July 24, 1964.
CONTENTS
The Effecton the StatusofTibet 43
Events Leading to the Third Expedition 46
Changes in the Status of Tibet after the Third Expedition 48
Events Leading to the Conquest of Nepal 51
Exercise of Full Chinese Sovereignty in Tibet 53
Imperial Authority on the Decline 59
China Attempts to Resume Full Sovereignty in Tibet 65
IV. TIBETAS A BUFFER STATE 70
Early Contact with the West 70
Futile Efforts of the English to Open Tibet 71
Tibetan Reaction to the Approach of the British 75
Events Leading to the British Expedition 79
Lord Curzon's Altered or Forward Policy 81
Dispatch of the British Armed Mission 87
Lhasa Reached and a Convention Imposed 92
The Convention Amended in Deference to London
97
Authority
The New Status Created by the Lhasa Arrangement 101
Chinese Adherence to the Lhasa Convention 107
Trade Regulations Signed by Anglo-Chinese Plenipotenti-
aries and the Tibetan Delegate 114
Trade Regulations Signed by Anglo-Chinese Plenipotenti-
Russian Convention 118
The Anglo-Russian Convention's Effect on British-Russian
Mutual Dealings and Respective Conduct 124
V. TIBET UNDER THE REPUBLICAN REGIME 130
Negotiations Leading to the Simla Conference 130
The Simla Conference and Its Failure 135
Renewed Bargaining between Russia and Britain 142
Renewed Negotiations under British Pressure 144
The Panch'en Lama's Flight to China Proper 147
The Dalai Lama Turning Strongly Away from Britain
toward China 148