Table Of ContentTHE FLAGELLATION OF CHRIST:
A STUDY IN I<30 NO GRAPH Y
by
Paul David Running
A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy,
In the Department of Art,
in the Graduate College of the State
University of Iowa
August, 1951
ProQuest Number: 10310988
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ACKNOWLTOGI^EHTS
I wish to thank Dr* Longman, as well as the
other members of th© faculty and staff who have been
my mentors, and ©specially Dr* Heckscher, who has guided
m© in the preparation of this dissertation*
ii
FORWARD
The research for this dissertation was begun
as a study of the Hew Testament Illustrations in the
ninth century Utrecht Psalter* After a period of time
thus engaged, and with the counsel of Dr* Heckscher, it
was decided to shift the consideration to a single Gos
pel theme, the Flagellation of Christ, at the same time
broadening the scop© to Include its representation in
western art through the period of the Renaissance* A
survey of the subject undertaken in connection with the
Utrecht Psalter example, had convinced me that there
were numerous iconographical aspects yet to b© explored*
I feel that my investigations have been rewarded with a
not unprofitable harvest, the recording of which I hop©
may prove useful to other students of Christian iconog
raphy*
Included as an appendix is a brief discussion
of the iconography of a related topic, Christ at the
Column, which I believe is often falsely interpreted as
Christ at th© column of His Flagellation*
TABLE OP CONTENTS
Chapter Page
INTRO DUCT ION.......... ....................... 1
I THE SETTING FOR THE FLAGELLATION OP CHRIST... 15
THE TIME OF DAY.......... 15
THE TIME OF YEAR........................ 16
THE PRAETORIUM OF PONTIUS PILATE....... 18
PILATE*S THRONE, THE STONES OF JUDGE
MENT, AND OTHER DETAILS.............. 31
II THE ATTENDANT FIGURES IN CHRIST’S FLAGELLA
TION............. 38
PILATE, AND THE SCOURGERS....... 38
CONVENERUNT IN (JNTOS..................... 54
THE VIRGIN MARY, JOHN, AND OTHER SAINTS. 58
OTHER FIGURES IN THE SCOURGING......... 61
III THE INSTRUMENTS OF THE SCOURGING............ 64
THE COLUMN.............................. 64
ROD, SCOT/RGB, AND SWITCH...... 05
IV THE FIGURE OB’ CHRIST IN FLAGELLATION ICON
OGRAPHY.................................... 91
HIS NUDITY.............................. 91
THE INFLUENCE OF GREGORY*S CHRIST...... 95
HIS BLOOD AND WOUNDS.................... lOO
CONCIBSIQNt THE STUDY IN RETROSPECT......... 110
tv
Page
FOOTNOTES....... 112
ILLUSTRATIONS............................... 146
APPENDIX,............... ......... 225
APPENDIX FOOTNOTES. .................. 231
BIBLIOGRAPHY................................ 234
INDEX OF ARTISTS............................ 252
TABLE OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure Fag©
1* Utrecht; Psalter* Detail of illustration for
the Canticle of Habacac* oa« 832~83S. ••••**••••••
1)46
2* Utrecht Psalter* Detail of illustration for
Psalm 25, ca. 832-3S*............. •••II46
3* Utrecht Psalter* Detail of Illustration for
Psalm 21, ca* 832-835. ....... . * )?
1 4
U* Guido d© Siena, The Fla&&11ation of Christ*
Altenburg Museum, & a rly "X jStii' cent u ry * .... ***** lif?
5. Christ Carrying the 0roa3 , Christ Crowned*
Guarcis' vfatcSlnK at"*tne 'FoWo» Chris't;~ni3e?or©
F'XIate* roarcophagus7"Xateran. aearn,' "Jitii
century ««*••*••••••••*•«•**••**•*•*«•••*• * * llj.8
6* Two of the thirty statues of the king found in
the tomb of Tut-ankh-amen * Egypt, Hew Empire ***** lij.8
7* The Crowning with rhorns» Fresco, Cimitero
di Fretestato, Home , 2nd century* * * *.......... Xh9
8* The Thrashing of a, Slave* Greek Phlyakes Vase,
Berlin, 1 ate i|.th ’or'’early 3rd century*...... *li,t9
9* Overseer, Prisoner, Old Woman* Greek Phlyakes
W se , "MetropoXItan Museum, ca. J4.OO B*C* ********* *150
10* Junius B&ssus Sarcophagus* Home, Crypt of
St* Peter*s, ca* 300 A.*D ....... *150
11* Floor plan of the Church of St* Zion, or The
Cenacl©, in Jerusalem* Modern copy from a
3©da Codex in Namur, 9th century* *............ 151
12# Detail from plan of Jerusalem, ca* Xl80* Mod-
m m drawing of a lljth or 15th century copy....... 151
vi
Figure Pag®
13.
Flan of Jerusalem* Modern drawing from the
original in Munich, K&aigl* Bibliothek, Cod*
iconogr* 172, second half of l£th century* •••****152
llj.* A 16th century sketch of the stag© for the
l£th century Donaueschlngen mystery play*••«*•«**152
15* Stag© for the Mystere d© la Passion from
Valenciennes, 1 5 after a miniature by Hubert
Caillaau and Jacquew d© Mobiles. Biblioth&que
du Baron James de Rothschild*•••••*••*•*••***.*.*153
16* The Passion of Christ* From Biblia d© F&rfa,
Rome", Vatican Library, Cod* Lat* 5729, fol*
369v * » 10th century * «•*•«•••••«•*•#**••••••*••*•* 153
17. The Fla gellation of Christ* from the bron&©
'doors "of "the ' ciiurcH "of" 'San Zeno, Vefona,
llth century. ..... l$k
18* Jesus Led before P Hate and The F la ye 1 lat ion *
Baae relief from the portal of St* Gilies-
du-Gard, last quarter of 12th century * * * * * ...... 154
19* (L) The 0rownfoB with Thorns * (R) The Flare l-»
lation* Santla goncle" "0ompostella, Tympanum of
the Tpuerta do las Platerlas, 1103•»*•#**••••••••• 155
20* The Flagellation of Christ* Ivory carving,
Sn©yd Colleetion, 3ritlsh^Musourn, X2th century*•*155
21* The Flagellation of Christ and The Visit to
the Tomb* From the crucifix of Guill'iejLmus
aTSBlnza, **.....*...... *.....
1138 **.156
22* Villard d© Ho rrnecourt, Sketches for The
Flagellation of Christ* 13th century* »••*••*•••• .156
3* The Mocking of Christ and Flagellation of Christ*
2
DetaiIs from a French tvory '&Iptych, BerTin,
Kaiser Friedrich Museum, end of 13th century* •*• *157
24* Bonmont Psalter, The FI ago Hat Ion of Christ*
Middle-Rhenish, Besancon, ca* 12 50-1300*.* * * *•* * *157
vii
Figure Page
25* Thm Flagellation of Christ* Breviary of
King Ren© d© LorraTne ' "(XrS©nal no# oOl) ,
li+th century# • •••«»•*•••**•••,••**,* «
*#158
26, The Flagellation of Christ# Panel from
re t able of M or'w 1 c h Cathedral, ca# llj-OG* .... .158
27* Israel van Meckenom, The Christ of St# Gregory
the Great# Engraving, Cabinetmd©s Estampes,
3#H# , second half 15 th century# * *...... 159
fFlagellation of Christ# Miniature from
IK© Pe111es"lleu'res du'^uc'^de Berry*•*****#*•••*•« 160
^9* Flagellation of Christ# Detail from a
French ivory" 'd'lptych," "Paris, Gran jean Col
lection, second half of llpth century# ...... 160
3-0# The Arrest of Christ, The FlagellqitIon of Christ,
ffSr1aE 0arry%3jg~11'¥K~Cross»'r£ e f ' slet© of
the Pamient of iiarbonne, Louvre, ca* 137^** • * * * *l6l
31# Pol d© Limbourg and brothers, The Plage 1-
lat Ion of Christ# From the Tree Riches Heures du
Suede Berry"j»' 11-^.0 9**ll|l6*•••##*«»••***#*•••**••••*' 16 1
32* The Flagellation of Christ# Detail from
altar panel "f rom Hes7 0rway, Bergen Museum,
li^th century* ***#**,#•••»#••*•«##.•#•••••••»**••• 162
33* The Flagellation and Crucifixlon of Christ*
Details from "a French’ ivory" diptych,’New York,
Metropolitan Museum, middle of 15th century#••» * .163
3iu Duccio* The Flagellation of Christ* Siena,
early l^tlTcHnturyTTTTTT.77.777777........ l6i>_
35* Bottega of Turone, The Flagellation of Christ*
Verona, Muaeo Civico, lljth century# * . . # *........ #loh
36. Ghiberti, The FIigellatlon of Christ * Panel
from the Borth Doors {cleaned)'7 'Florenc©
Bapistry, ca* llj.19-25*
viii
Figure Pag©
37 * Donatello (attributed to), The Flagellation
of Christ. Drawing, Florence, tiff Izi ..... . 165
38* Donatello (attributed to), The Flagellation,
of Christ» Marble relief, Berlin, Kaiser
Friedrich Museum, ca* lU35* .....•............. 166
39* Donatello, Christ before Pilate. Detail of
Morth pulpit, San Eoronzo," "Florence, ca* lI|6o. . *. 166
4o.
Fra Angelico, The Flagellation of Christ,
Formerly in S. Annunzlato, Florence, now
in Academy, * ........
167
4l* S&ssetta, The Fla go Hat 1 on of Christ, flanked,
by The Maa^yrdpjp1'"of a'T'emale Saint"' "and St.
Je rome .r n'A pre<f© lia . Bos ■£on , ""Mu s©urn of PTn©
Arts, second quarter 15th century,..,.*....... ,,.167
42 m Workshop of Piero della Francesca, The
Fla zze Ilat Ion of Christ. From the prad© 11a of
7 1©2*0 'deITaTPrancIscaTs Ma&onna della Mlseri-
cordla, ca, l445~l4$0.* *•* *•.• • 1 6 8
43* Piero della Francesca, The Flagellation
of Christ, U rb ino , ca, ’S455~i4So* ,» . # * • ..***•••* .168
44* Piero della Francesca, The- Fiage 11ation
of Christ. D© tail, £J rb ino , ca , I455-14SG-. ,169
45* Piero della Francesca, Sjt. August in©. The
panels on the cope are studio work..... ,170
46. The Plage Hat ion of Christ. Florentine
engraving, ca. 1475-i4£0,*••*•.••*••••«.,*•..«•*,171
47* Antonio Pollaiuolo, Ten Nudes Fight Ing for the
Chain. Engraving, last quarter 'of'' ifTfch century.« ,1?1
48* Signorelli, The Flugellat ion of Christ.
Early 16th century * .... 172
ix
